A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

SPARTACUS. SPARTACUS. 891
The work of Sozomen is one of those abridged 2. Began to reign ill B. C. 427 and reigned 20
and combined in the Hisloria Tripartita of Cassio- years. He was succeeded in B. C. 407 by his son
dorus. [CASSIODosRus, EPIPHANIUS, No. 11.] Satyrus. (Diod. xiv. 93; Isocrat.Trapezit. p. 370.)
The Greek text of Sozomen appears to have been 3. Succeeded his father Leucon in B. C. 353, and
first published, with that of Socrates and the other died, leaving his kingdom to his son Parysades, in
Greek ecclesiastical historians, by Rob. Stephanus, B. C. 348. (Diod. xvi. 31,.52.)
fol. Paris, 1544; and was again printed, with the 4. Son of Eumelus, began to reign in B. C. 304,
Latin version of John Christopherson, bishop of and reigned 20 years. (Diod. xx. 100; see ClinChichester, fol. Geneva, 1612. It was also included ton, Kinqgs of Bosporus, in Fast. Hellen. vol. ii. pp.
with the work of Socrates, in the edition of Va- 281-285.) [W. B. D.]
lesius, both in its original publication and in its SPA'RTACUS, by birth a Thracian, was sucseveral reprints; and in the edition of Reading cessively a shepherd, a soldier, and a chief of ban[SOCRATES, SCHOLASTICUS]. There are Latin ditti. On one of his predatory expeditions he
versions by Musculus and Christopherson, which was taken prisoner, and sold to a trainer of gladiahave been repeatedly printed with their versions of tors. In B. C 73 he was a member of the company
the other ecclesiastical historians [SOCRATES, of Cn. Lentulus Batiatus, and was detained in his
SCHOLASTICUS]. The version of Christopherson school at Capua, in readiness for the games at
extended only to the first six books of Sozomen; Rome. Among his fellow prisoners, principally
the needful supplement of a version of the last Gauls and Thracians, were two Gaulish swordsthree having been made by Petrus Suffridus. The men, Crixus and Oenomaus, who joined with Sparabridged English version of the Greek ecclesiastical tacus in urging their comrades rather to die
historians by Parker includes Sozomen, as does attempting freedom, than to be "butchered for a
also the French version of Cousin, but not the Roman holiday." Of 200 gladiators about 70
English translation of Meredith Hanmer [So- broke out of the school of Lentulus, plundered a
CRATES SCHOLASTICUS]. (Valesius, De Vitis et cook's-shop of its spits and cleavers, and, thus
Scripstis Socratis et Sozomeni, prefixed to his edition armed, passed through the gates of Capua. On
of their works; Vossius, De Historicis Graecis, the high road they met some waggons laden with
lib. ii. c. 20; Fabric. Bibliothl. Geraec. vol. vii. p. gladiators' armour, and, seizing it, took refuge in the
427; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 439, vol. i. p. 427, crater of Vesuvius, where a number of runaway
ed. Oxford, 1740 —1743; Dupin, Nouv. Biblioth. slaves joined them. Spartacus was chosen leader;
des Auteurs Eccles. vol. iv. or vol. iii. partie ii. p. Crixus and Oenomaus were his lieutenants; and
80, ed. Mons, 1691; Ceillier, Auteurs Sacres, vol. their ravages soon excited the alarm of the Capuan
xiii. p. 689; Ittigius, De Bibliothecis Patrum, people. They were blockaded by C. Claudius
passim; Watt, Bibliotheca Britannica; Lardner, Pulcher [No. 36], at the head of 3000 men. A
Ciredibility, part ii. vol. xi. p. 453; Waddington, wild vine covered the sides of the old and extin-Jistory of the Clhurch, part ii. ch. vii. ad fin.) guished crater, and on ladders twisted from its
Lainbecius has confounded Hermeias Sozomen stems, the fugitives descended the least accessible
with Hermeias, the author of the Irrisio Gentilium and therefore unguarded side of their place of
PhilosophorunL [HERMEiAS, No. 3], but there is refuge, attacked their besiegers in the rear, and
no doubt that they are different persons. (Fabric. supplied' themselves with better weapons from the
1. c.) [J. C. M.] slain. Spartacus now proclaimed freedom to slaves,
SPARGAPISES (7erapya7rlra-s), son of To- and the numbers that flocked to him proved the
myris, queen of the Massagetae, was surprised and impolicy of the Roman land-owners in preferring
taken prisoner by Cyrus, when, according to the slave-labour to free, the desolation of Sulla's wars,
account of Herodotus, he invaded that territory and the weakness and depopulation of Italy. The
in B. C. 529. The young prince, overwhelmed by eruption of a handful of half-armed men devastated
his calamity, put an end to his own life (Herod. i. Italy, from the foot of the Alps to the southern211-213; compare Strab. xi. p. 512; Justin, most corner of the peninsula, and was little less
i. 8.) [E. E.] dangerous to the empire than the Hannibalic war
SPARSUS, a friend'of the younger Pliny, to itself. Spartacus was triumphant for upwards of
whom he addressed two of his letters (Ep. iv. 5, two years, B. C. 73-71. In 73 he defeated Cosviii. 3), but of whom nothing is known. sinins, a legatus of the praetor Varinlius Glaber;
SPARSUS, FU'LVIUS, a rhetorician, men- next Glaber himself repeatedly, capturing in one
tioned both by the elder Seneca (Controv. v. action his war-horse, lictors, and fasces. From this
proo!em. p. 322, Exc. i. p. 382), and by Quintilian time forward Spartacus was attended with the
(vi. 3. ~ 100). accompaniments of a Roman proconsul. He raSPARTA ('7rdpTa), a daughter of Eurotas by vaged Campania and sacked Cora, Nuceria, and
Clete, and wife of Lacedaemon, by whom she Nola, and perhaps Compsa, in the territory of the
became the mother of Amyclas and Eurydice. Hirpinians. He was absolute master of Lucania
(Apollod. iii. 10. ~ 3). From her the city of and Bruttium, and placed garrisons and magazines
Sparta was believed to have derived its name (Paus. in Thurii and Metapontum. Spartacus was as
iii. 1. ~ 3; Schol. Eurip. Orest. 615). She was discreet as he was valiant. In the midst.of his sucrepresented on a tripod at Amyclae. (Paus. iii. cesses, and with 40,000 men under his command,
18. ~ 5). [L. S.] he saw that in the end Rome would prevail, and he
SPA'RTACUS, the name of several kings of the knew that victory, while it swelled, disorganised
Cimmerian Bosporus. his bands. His Gaulish followers were jealous of
1. Succeeded the dynasty of the Archeanactidae their Thracian comrades, and Crixus and Oenomaus
(Wesseling, adDiod. xii. 31) [ARCHEANACTIDAE] aspired to separate commands. Spartacus, therenll B. C. 438, and reigned until B. C. 431. He was fore, proposed to his army to make their way to
succeeded by his son Seleucus. (Diod. xii. 31, the north of Italy, and, forcing the passes of the
36.) Alps, to disperse severally to their respective homes.