A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

SOCRATES. SOCRATES. 855
of the Homdiousian party over the Arian and valuable notes, fol. Paris 1668. His edition was
Macedonian parties, in the reign of Theodosius the reprinted at Mentz, fol. 1677, and the Latin
Great A. D. 379-395 (Lib. v.): the contention of version by itself at Paris the same year. The reJohn Chrysostom with his opponents, and the other mainder of the Mentz edition was issued with a new
ecclesiastical incidents of the reign of Arcadius title page, Amsterdam, 1695. The text, version,
A. D. 395-408 (Lib. vi.): and the contentions and notes of Valesius were reprinted with some
of Christianity with the expiring remains of hea- additional Variorum notes, tunder the care of Wilthenism, the Nestorian controversy, and the coon- liam Reading, in the second volume of the Greek
cil of Ephesus, with other events of the reign of ecclesiastical historians, fol. Cambridge 1720. This
the younger Theodosius, A. D. 408 to 439, in edition of Reading was reprinted at Turin, 3 vols.
which latter year the history closes, occupy the fol. 1748. There is a reprint of the text of Varemainder of the work. This division of the work lesius, but without the version and notes, 8vo.
into seven books, according to the reigns of the Oxford, 1844. There have been several Latin
successive emperors, was made by Socrates himself versions, as those of Musculus, fol. Basil. 1549,
(Comp. ii. 1). In the first two books he followed, 1557, 1594, John Christopherson (Christophorin his first edition, the ecclesiastical history of sonus), bishop of Chichester, fol. Paris, 1571, Co.Rufinus; but this part, as already mentioned, he logn, 1570, 1581; and (revised by Grynaeus, and
had to write for his second edition. The materials with notes by him), fol. Basil. 1570 and 1611;
of the remaining books were derived partly from and in the Bibliothleca Patrum, vol. v. part 2, fol.
Rufinus, partly from other writers, and partly from Cologn 1618, and vol. vii. fol. Lyon 1677. There
the oral account of persons who had been per- are a French translation by Cousin, made from the
sonally cognizant of mlatters, and who survived to Latin version of Valesius, 4to. Paris, 1675, and
the time of the writer. Socrates has inserted a num- English translations by Meredith Hanmer, with
ber of letters from the emperors and from prelates the other Greek ecclesiastical historians, folio, Lond.
and councils, creeds, and other documents which 1577, 1585, 1650, and by Samuel Parker (with
are of value, both in themselves, and as authenti- translations of Sozomen and Theodoret), 2 vols.
eating his statements. He aimed not at a pompous 8vo. 1707. The latter, which is an abridged transphraseology, ol oppcaoes O7YKOV ppovi('om'Vrs (Lib. lation, has been repeatedly reprinted. (Valesius,
i. 1), but at perspicuity (Lib. iii. 1), and his style, De Vila et Scriptis Socratis et Sozomeni, prefixed
as Photius remarks (Biblioth. Cod. 28), presents to his edition of their histories; Vossius, De Hisnothing worthy of notice. The inaccuracy with re- toricis Graecis, lib. ii. c. 20; Fabric. Bi61. Gvraec.
spect to points of doctrine with which the same critic vol. vii. p. 423, &c.; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 439,
charges him (dAAd Kal ev roes obyiaaelv o,) ia'a vol. i. p. 427, ed. Oxford, 1740-1743; Dupin,
EoCV, dKcpij s) may be taken as a corroboration of Nouvelle Bibliotlesque des Autezurs Eccles. vol. iv. or
what has been said concerning the comparative vol. iii. part ii. p. 78, ed. Mons. 1691; Ceillier,
liberality of his temper. His diligence and general Auteurs Sacres, vol. xiii. p. 669; Lardner, Credimlpartiality are admitted by the best critics, Va- bility, &c. part ii. vol. xi. p. 450; Ittigius, De Bilesius, Cave, Fabricius, &c. " His impartiality," blioth. Patrum; Watt. Bibliotheca Bjlitannzica; Wadsays Mr. Waddington (Ifist. of the Church, part ii. dington, Hist. of the Church, 1. c.) [J. C. M.]
c. 7, ad fin.), " is so strikingly displayed as to SO'CRATES, minor literary persons.
render his orthodoxy questionable to Baronius, 1. A tragic actor at Athens in the time of Detihe celebrated Roman Catholic historian; but mosthenes. (Dem de Cor. p. 314; comp. SIMY"Valesius, in his life, has clearly shown that there LUS.)
is no reason for such a suspicion. We may men- 2. Of Argos, an historical writer, whose time is
tion another principle which he has followed, unknown. He wrote a7rrepLY7 oas'Apyovs. (I)iog.
which, in the mind of Baronius, may have tended Laert. ii. 47, and Menag. ad loc.; Schol. ad Finld.
to, confirm the notion of his heterodoxy-that he var. loc.; Schol. ad Eurip. Phoenz. 4.5; Fabric. Bibi.
is invariably adverse to every form of persecution Graec. vol. ii. p. 689; Vossius, de Hist. Graec. p.
on account of religious opinions —Lwoyt iov e Ae'yw 499, ed. Westermann.)
To 0'roo-ov'aepd'rTTew no's j'vuxSuvorrs — - and I 3. Of Bithynia, a Peripatetic philosopher.
call it persecution to offer any description of mo- (Diog. 1. c.)
lestation to those who are quiet.' Some credu- 4. An epigrammatic poet, of uwhom nothing is
lity respecting miraculous stories is his principal known beyond the mention of his name by Diofailing." genes Labrtius (1. c.). There is a single epigram
The first printed edition of the Greek text of in the Greek Anthology, among the Arithmetical
the Historia Ecclesiastica of Socrates was that of Problems, under the name of Socrates. (Antlh.
Rob. Stephanus (Estienne), fol. Paris 1544. The Pal. xiv. 1; Brunck. Anal. vol. ii. p. 477; Jacobs,
volume contained also the ecclesiastical histories of Anth. Graec, vol. iii. p. 181, C)omn)l. vol. ii. pt. iii.
the other early Greek writers, Eusebius (with his p. 335.)
Life of Constantine), Sozomen, Theodoret, Eva- 5. Of Cos, the author of a work entitled E-rtgrius, and the fragments of Theodore Anagnostes KaXsieis aeCvv. (Diog. Lart. 1. c.'; Schol. ad Apoll.
or Lector. It was again printed with the Latin Rhod. i. 966; Ath. iii. p. 111, b.; Schol. tad Arisversion of Christopherson, and with the other toph. Eq. 959.) Ile is probably the writer whose
Greek ecclesiastical historians just mentioned, also treatise repl daicor is quoted by Plutarch (de Is. et
accompanied by the version of Christopherson, except Osir. 35, p. 364, f.). The exact meaning of the
in the case of Theodore Lector, of whom Musculus's phrase, i7rKuXc eFEs dECo&, is doubtful. Vossius exversion was given, fol. Geneva 1612; but the plains it as prayers to the gods, but Menagius
standard edition is that of -ell. Valesius, who contends that it rather means the epithets or surpublished, as part of his series of the ancient names which were assigned to the several gods for
Greek ecclesiastical historians, the histories of So- various reasons. (Fabric. 1. c.; Vossius, I. c.;
crates and Sozomen, with a new Latin version and Menag. ad Diog. 1. c.)
I 1 4