A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

SATYRUS. SATYRUS. 727
surrounded with a woollen riband. (Virg. Aen. vii. Later writers, especially the Roman poets, con179; Arnob. vi. 12; Macrob. 1. c.; Martial, xi. 6. 1.) found the Satyrs with the Pans and the Italian
In the pedimentofthe temple of Saturn were seen two Fauns, and accordingly represent them with larger
figures resembling Tritons, with horns, and whose horns and goats' feet (Horat. Carnm. ii. ] 9. 4; Prolower extremities grew out of the ground (Macrob. pert. iii. 15. 34; Ov. Met. i. 193, vi. 392, xiv
Sat. i. 8); the temple itself contained the pub- 637), although originally they were quite distinct
lic treasury, and many laws also were deposited in kinds of beings, and in works of art, too, they are
it. (Serv. ad Aen. viii. 319.) It must be re- kept quite distinct. Satyrs usually appear with
marked in conclusion that Saturn and Ops were flutes, the thyrsus, syrinx, the shepherd staff, cups
not only the protectors of agriculture, but all vege- or bags filled with wine; they are dressed with the
tation was under their care, as well as every thing skins of animals, and wear wreaths of vine, ivy
which promoted their growth. (Macrob. Sat. i. or fir. Representations of them are still very nul
7, 10; comp. Hartung, Die Religion der Romer, merous, but the most celebrated in antiquity was
vol. ii. p. 122, &c.) [L. S.] the Satyr of Praxiteles at Athens (Paus. i. 20.
SATY'RION or SAITYRON (Xarvpiwv, ~ 1; Plin. II. N. xxxiv. 8, s. 19; comp. Heyne,
ardTppwv), a Socratic philosopher, of whom no- Antiquar. Aufshitze, ii. p. 53, &c.; Voss, Mytlol.
thing is known, beyond the bare mention of his Briefe, ii. p. 284, &c.; C. O. Miiller, Ancient Art
name by M. Antoninus (x. 31). [P. S.] and its Remains, ~ 385, Eng. Transl.; and the
SATY'RIUS, artist. [SATUREIUS.] article PRAXITELES, p..521.) [L. S.]
SATY'RIUS, literary. [SATYRUS.] SA'TYRUS (14r4vpos), historical.
SA'TYRUS (d'aTvpos), the name of a class of 1. An officer who was sent out by Ptolemy
beings in Greek mythology, who are inseparably Philadelphus, king of Egypt, on an expedition to
connected with the worship of Dionysus, and re- explore the western coasts of the Red Sea, where
present the luxuriant vital powers of nature. In he founded the city of Philotera. (Strab. xvii.
their appearance they somewhat resembled goats p. 769.)
or rams, whence many ancients believed that the 2. An ambassador of the Ilienses, who was sent
word od'rvpos was identical with riTvpos, a ram. to Rome in B. C. 187, to intercede with the senate
(Schol. ad Theocrit. iii. 2, vii. 72; Aelian, V. H. in favour of the Lycians. (Polyb. xxiii. 3.)
iii. 40; comp. Eustath. ad Honm. p. 1157; Hesych. 3. The chief of the embassy sent by the Rhos. v.; and Strab. x. p. 466.) Homer does not men- dians to Rome in B. C. 172, on which occasion he
tion any Satyr, while Hesiod (Fraym. 94, ed. gave great offence by his intemperate attacks uponl
Gbttling) speaks of them in the plural and describes Eumenes, king of Pergamus. (Liv. xlii. 14.)
them as a race good for nothing and unfit for 4. One of the ambassadors sent by the Achaeans
work, and in a passage quoted by Strabo (x. p. 471) to Rome in B. c. J 64, to intercede with the senate
he states that the Satyrs, Nymphs and Curetes were for the liberation of the Achaean citizens who had
the children of the five daughters of Hecataeus been sent to Rome at the instigation of Callicrates,
and the daughter of Phoroneus. The more common or, at least, that they should be brought to a fair
statement is that the Satyrs were the sons of Her- trial. The embassy was dismissed with a haughty
mes and Iphthima (Nonn. Dionys. xiv. 113), or of refusal. (Polyb. xxxi. 6, 8.)
the Naiads (Xenoph. Sympos. v. 7); Silen also calls 5. A leader of insurgent slaves in Sicily, during
them his own sons. (Eurip. Cycl. 13, 82, 269.) the second servile war in that island. After the
The appearance of the Satyrs is described by later defeat and death of Athenion, B. c. 101 [ATHEwriters as robust, andrough, though with various NION], Satyrus, with the remains of the insurmodifications, but their general features are as fol- gents, shut himself up in a strong fortress, but was
lows: the hair is bristly, the nose round and some- closely blockaded by the consul M'. Aquillius, and
what turned upwards, the ears pointed at the top at length compelled by famine to surrender, with
like those of animals (whence they are sometimes about 1000 of his followers. They were all carcalled tipes, Eurip. Cycl. 624); they generally ried to Rome, and condemned to fight with wild
have little horns, or at least two hornlike protu- beasts in the amphitheatre, but preferred dying by
berances ()Prpea), and at or near the end of the one another's hands, and Satyrus put an end to
back there appears a little tail like that of a horse his own life. (Diod. xxxvi. Exc. Phot. pp. 536,
or a goat. In works of art they were represented 537.) [E. H. B.]
at different stages of life; the older ones, commonly SA'TYRUS (airvpos), kings of Bosporus.
called Seilens or Silens (Paus. i. 23. ~ 6), usually I. SATYRUS I. was a son of Spartacus I., king
have bald heads and beards, and the younger ones of Bosporus. According to the statement of Dioare termed Satyrisci (TavvpLmKcot, Theocrit. iv. 62, dorus (xiv. 93), that he reigned fourteen years,
xxvii. 48). All kinds of satyrs belong to the we must assign his accession to the year B. C. 407
retinue of Dionysus (Apollod. iii. 5. ~ 1; Strab. x. or 406: but as the same authority allots only four
p. 468; Ov. Fast. iii. 737, As's Am. i. 542, iii. years to the reign of Seleucus, there is a gap in
157), and are always described as fond of wine, the chronology of twenty years, which are unac-whence they often appear either with a cup or a counted for. There is little doubt that there is an
thyrsus in their hand (Athen. xi. p. 484), and of error in the numbers of Diodorus, but in which of
every kind of sensual pleasure, whence they are the two reigns it is impossible to say. M. de,eAn sleeping, playing musical instruments or en- Boze, on the other hand, supposes (Msnm. de l'A cad.
gaged in voluptuous dances with nymphs. (Apollod. des Inscr. vol. vi. p. 555) this interval to have been
ii. 1. ~ 4; Horat. Carnm. ii. 19. 3, i. 1. 30; Ov. filled by another Spartacus, and that it was this
Met. i. 692, xiv. 637; Philostr. Vit. Apoll. vi. 27; second king, and not Spartacus I., who was the
Nonn. Dionys. xii. 82.) Like all the gods dwell- father of Satyrus: but this seems a very forced
ing in forests and fields, they were greatly dreaded and unnecessary hypothesis. Our knowledge of
by mortals. (Virg. Eclog. vi. 13; Theocrit. xiii. the events of his reign is confined to the fact that
44; Ov. Her. iv. 49.) he encouraged those friendly and commercial re3A 4