A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

SAPPIIO. SARDANAPAL US. 711
would be accented), these two chief modes of divi- of the Greek poets, 1614, fol. Is. Vossius pubsion give respectively two members, each contain- lished an amended text of the two principal fraging three accented syllables, and three members, ments in his edition of Catullus, pp. 113, &c. Lond.
each containing two. In the first case, there are 1684, 4to. Jo. Chr. Wolf edited the fragments,
two subdivisions (Nos. 1 and 2, above), the diffe- with notes, indices, and a life of Sappho, separately
rence being merely that between the feminine and in 1733, 4to. Hamb., and again in his Novem IImasculine caesura, and its effect simply the use of lustriumz Foeminarunz, Sapphus, &c., Fragmenta et
a single or a double unaccented syllable as an in- Elogia, Gr. et Lat. Hamb. 1735, 4to. They again
troduction to the second half of the verse. In the appeared in Brunck's Analecta, vol. i. pp. 54, &c.,
second mode of division, we get various subdivi- vol. iii. p. 8, &c., 1772, 8vo. The two chief odes
sions, resulting from the various combinations of were inserted by G. C. Harless, in his Anthol. Poet.
the caesurae in the examples (3), (4), (5),and (6). Graec. 1792, 8vo; and the whole fragments by
When (3) and (5) are combined, the result is a A. Schneider, in his MlovecheAvO, Giesae, 1802,
line divided into three parts perfectly equal in time, 8vo. Since that period there have been numerous
and which are in fact the three primary elements collections and critical editions of the fragments, of
of the verse, as, which those of the greatest pretensions are the two
utetlcidarat' 11 &Oav'Ty 11 7rpo~'7rcT. following: - Sapphus Lesbiac Carmina et Fragmenta recensuit, commentario illustravit, schzemata
When (4) and (5) are combined, the line only smusica adjecit et indices confecit H. F. Magnus
differs from the above by having the last syllable Volger, Lips. 1810, 8vo.; aAd Sapphonis Mytileof the base converted into an introductory syllable naeae Fragmenta, Specimen Operae in omnibus
for the centre, as in the example in No. 5. Verses Artis Graecorum Lyricae Reliquiis, excepto Pindaro,
of this form generally have also the principal collocandae, proposuit D. Christianus Fridericus
central caesura, which must be regarded as over- Neue, Berol, 1827, 4to. Of these two editions,
powering the others; as in the example. When that of Volger stands at the head of the modern
(3) and (6) are combined, the effect is that the editions in point of date and of cumbrous elaboraline consists, rhythmically, of a ditrochaic base tion; that of Neue is by far the first in point of
and a ditrochaic termination, the central member excellence. An important supplement to the edibeing imperfect; as in both the examples (3) tion of Neue is Welcker's review of it in Jahn's
and (6). The combination of (4) and (6) produces Jahrbiicher for 1828, and in Welcker's Kleine
a verse evidently almost the same as the last; as Schriften, vol. i. p. 110. The fragments of Sappho
in the example (4). have also been edited by Bp. Blomfield, in the
The several effects produced by the caesurae Museum Criticum, vol. i.; by Gaisford, in his
in the third prolonged line of the stanza, are too PoItae.Vinores Graeci; by Schneidewin, in his
varied to be discussed further: the reader who Delectus Poiseos Graecorume; by Bergk, in his
has entered into what has been already said, can Po'tae Lyrici Graeciae; by Ahrens, in his treatise
easily deduce them for himself. Enough has de Graecae Linguae Dialectis, vol. i.; and also sebeen said to show the true structure of the parately by A. L. Moebius, in Greek and German,
verse, and the immense variety of rhythm of which Hannov. 1815, 8vo.; not to mention some other
it is susceptible. How skilfully Sappho avails her- editions of the two chief fragments. There are
self of these varieties is evident from the mere fact; numerous translations both of these two fragments,
that all the above examples are taken from her and of the whole, into English, German, French,
first fragment, which only contains seven stanzas. Italian, and Spanish. (See Hoffmann, Lex. Bibl.
The subject of Latin Sapphics cannot be entered Scr. Graec.)
upon here: it must suffice to lay down the princi- Some of the principal modern works upon Sappho
pie, that their laws must be deduced from those of have been incidentally referred to in the course of
the Greek metre; and to state the fact, that Horace this article. To these should be added Plehn's
confines himself almost entirely to the forms (1) Lesbiaca, Bode and Ulrici, Gesch. d. Hellen. Dichtk.,
and (2), as in and Bernhardy, Gesch. d. Griech. Litt. vol. ii. pp.
483-490. [P.S.]
Mercurl facunde I[ nepos Atlantis SARAPIS. [SERAPIS.]
"Qu firos rh t t SARAS, a freedman of Cleopatra. (Cic. ad Att.
Qui fe'os cultuis i momnXum recentrm, xv. 15, comp. xv. 17, a Siregiro, qY a Sara regio.)
using the former very sparingly indeed in his earlier SARANTE'NUS, MA'NUEL. [MANUEL,
odes, but more frequently in his later ones; his literary, No. 4.]
taste, it may be presumed, having been improved SARDANAPA'LUS (rapsavdcrahos), the last
by practice. The other metres used by Sappho king of the Assyrian empire of Ninus or Nineveh,
are fully discussed by Neue, pp. 12, &c. according to Ctesias. This writer related that the
The first edition of any part of Sappho's frag- Assyrian empire lasted 1306 years;* that the first
ments was that of the hymn to Aphrodite, by H. king was Ninus, who was succeeded by his wife
Stephanus, in his edition of Anacreon, 1554, Semiramis, and she by her son Ninyas, and that
4to. The subsequent editions of Anacreon, in he was followed by thirty kings, son succeeding
1556, 1660, 1680, 1681, 1684, 1690, 1699, father in uninterrupted order. All these kings,
1700, 1710, 1712, 1716, 1733, 1735, 1740, from Ninyas downwards, were sunk in luxury and
1742, 1744, 1751, 1754, &c., contained also the
fragments of Sappho in a form more or less' In the present copies of Diodorus (ii. 21) we
complete. (See Hoffmann, Lex. Bibliog. Script. have 1360 years, but it appears that Syncellus
Graec. art. Anacseon.) They were also contained (p. 359, c.) and Agathias (ii. 25, p. 120) read 1306,
in the Carmina Novenr Illzhstrium Foeminarum, and this number is confirmed by Augrstine (de Ci'v.
Sapphus, &c., with the Scholia of Fulvius Ursinus, Dei, xviii. 21), who has 1 305 years. (See ClinAntverp. 1568, 8vo., and in the Cologne collection ton, F. II. vol. i. p. 263, note d.)
zz 4