A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

628 PYTHEAS. PYTI-IITS.
wise much dispute as to what river we are to un- PYTIIEN (rInu07o), a Corinthian general, who
derstand by the Tanais. Without stating the commanded the detachment of ships sent with
various opinions which have been advanced, we Gylippus for the relief of Syracuse. His name
may remark that the supposition of Ukert appears occurs now and then in the account of the operato us the most probable, namely, that the country tions which followed. (ThzlC. vi. 104, vii. 1,
which Pytheas describes as the one from which 70.) [C. P. M.]
amber came may have been the Cimbrian peninsula PYTHERMON and PYTHERMUS are two
(Denmark, &c.), and that when he reached the rather obscure names in the history of Greek
Elbe, he concluded that he had arrived at the Tanais, music. Pythermus of Miletus is a person to whom
which separated Europe from Asia. some ancient writers ascribed the invention of the
Pytheas cultivated science. He appears to have Tonian mode (Heraclid. ap. Ath. xiv. p. 625, c. d.;
been the first person who determined the latitude Bockh, de Metr. Pind. p. 235); and Pythermon is
of a place from the shadow of the sun; and it is mentioned as the author of a scolion. (Paroemiog:r
expressly stated that he determined the position Vat. iii. 15). [P. S.]
of Massilia by observing the shadow of the sun by PYTHES. [PYTOHEAS and PYTHIvs.]
the gnomon (Strab. ii. pp. 71, 115). He also paid PYTHEUS, architect. [PHILEUS.]
considerable attention to the phaenomena of the PY'THIAS (TILOLds). 1. The sisteror adopted
tides, and was well aware of the influence of the daughter of Hermias, became the wife of Aristotle.
moon upon them. (Fuhr, De Pythea, p. 19.) [ARISTOTELES, p. 318.]
The voyages of Pytheas have been discussed by a 2. Daughter of Aristotle and Pythias. She was
large number of modern writers: we can only refer married three times: her first husband being Nito the most important works on the subject:-Bou- canor of Stagira, a relative of Aristotle; her second
gainville, Sur l'Origine et sur les Voyages de Py- Procles, a descendant of Demaratus, king of Sparta;
theas, in Mmn. de l'Acad. des Inser. vol. xix. pp. and her third Metrodorus, the physician (Sext.
146-165; D'Anville, Sur la Navigation de Py- Emp. adv. Ieath. i. 12, p. 657, ed. Bekker).
theas a Thlle, ibid. vol. xxxvii. pp. 436-442; 3. A slave of Octavia Augusta, the wife of
Ukert, Benerkungen iiber Pythleas, in his Geo- Nero. She became noted for the constancy with
graphie der Griechen end Rumer, vol. i. part i. pp. which she endured the tortures to which she was
298-309; Arvedson, P ytheae Massiliensis Frag- put by Tigellinus, without informing against her
menta, Upsalae, 1824; Fuhr, De Pythea Massili- mistress (Dion Cass. lxii. 13). [C. P. M.]
ensi, Darmstadt, 1835; Straszewick, Pythe'as de PY'THIAS is mentioned by Pliny (H. N
1llarseille et la Gioyraphie de son Temps, Paris, xxxiv. 8. s. 19), according to the common reading,
1836, translated into German by Hoffmann, Leip- as one of the statuaries who flourished about the
zig, 1838. time of the revival of the art. The MSS. vary
PY'THEAS, artists. 1. A silver-chaser, who much as to the form of the name; and, taking
flourished at Rome in the age immediately follow- also into account the very loose way in which
ing that of Pompey, and whose productions com- some of these names are inserted by Pliny (comp.
manded a remarkably high price. (Plin. R. N. POLYCLES), it is by no means impossible that he
xxxv. 12. s. 55: Pliny states the precise value may be one and the same person with the silverof every two ounces of silver plate engraved by chaser PYTHEAS. (See Sillig, edition of Pliny,
him, but the number is differently given in the ad loc.) [P. S.]
MSS. as 10,000 or 20,000 sesterces, see Sillig's PYTHIONI'CE. [HARPALUS, No. 1.]
edition.) A very celebrated work by him was a PYTHIS, a sculptor, who made the marble
cup, on which Ulysses and Diomedes were repre- quadriga, by which the celebrated Mausoleum
sented carrying off the Palladlum, in that sort of was surmounted. (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 5. s. 4. ~ 9).
chasing which was called emblema. According to Considering the close resemblance of this sculptor's
the opinion of Thiersch, the greatest gem engravers name, in Pliny, to some of the readings of the
of that and the succeeding age did not disdain to name of the architect of the Mausoleum, in
copy from the design of Pytheas, whose figure of Vitruvius, it seems not improbable that they may
Diomed is still to be seen on gems by Dioscurides, have been the same person. [PHILEUS.] [P. S.]
Gnaeus, Calpurnius Severus, and Solon: the PY'THIUS (nl0tlos), the Pythian, from Pytho,
grounds of this opinion, however, are not stated the ancient name of Delphi, often occurs as a surby the author. (Thiersch, Epoclhen, pp. 296- name of Apollo, whose oracle was at Delphi.
299.) (Hom. Hymn. in Apoll. 373; Aeschyl. iAgan. 521;
The suggestion of Meyer appears more probable, Horat. Carme. i. 16. 6; Tac. Hist. iv. 83.) [L. S.]
that the designs of both the vase of Pytheas and PY'THIUS (IV'Oi1os: called nIIv-e by Pluthe gems referred to were copied from some more tarch, vol. ii. p. 262, d., and some others), a Lydian,
ancient work of art. (Meyer, Gesch. d. bild. Kunst, the son of Atys, who lived in the time of the Pervol. iii. pp. 172, 173; comp. Levezow, Ueber den sian invasion of Greece. He was a man of enorReaub des Palladium.) mous wealth, which he derived from his gold mines
Pytheas also chased small drinking vessels with in the neighbourhood of Celaenae in Phrygia, of
grotesque subjects, of the most elaborate and de- which place he seems to have made himself golicate workmanship, which are thus described by vernor. So eagerly did he prosecute his search
Pliny: - Fecit idem et cocos moagiriscia appellatos, for gold, that his subjects were almost all withparvulis potoriis, sed e quibus ne erem.plaria qui- drawn from agriculture. Plutarch (1. c.) tells an
dem licet eaprimere, tams oppoortuzla injuzriae subtilitas amusing story of the device adopted by his wife to
erat. point out to him the absurdity of the course he was
2. A painter, of Bura in Achaia, whose paint- pursuing. She had a quantity of gold wrought
lng on a wall at Pergamus, representing an ele- into representations of various kinds of food, and
phant, is mentioned by Stephanus Byzantinus set nothing but these before him one day for din(.s. lv. Bolipa). [P. S.] ner. When Xerxes arrived at Celaenae, Pythius