A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

608 PYROMACHUS. PYRRIT)N.
Alcibiades driving a four-horse chariot. (Pyr- example, that in the Florentine Gallery, No. 27.
mnachi quadriga regitur ab Alcibiade, Plin. H. N. (Miiller, Arch d. Kunst, ~~ 157*, 394*.)
xxxiv. 8. s. 19. ~ 20: the reading of all the MSS. is The other of the two statues referred to is a
Pyromaclhi, a fact easily accounted for by a natural kneeling Priapus, described in an epigram of
confusion between this artist and the other Pyro- Apollonidas of Smyrna, where the old reading
machus, who is mentioned twice in the same 4vA6'taxos is altered by Brunck to'Ivp6o'jaXos.
section). Hence we see that this Phyromachus (No. 9, Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 134, Anzth.
was an Athenian artist of the age immediately Planud. iv. 239, Jacobs, Append. Anth. Pal.
succeeding that of Pheidias, and that he was highly vol. ii. p. 698.) Here again,. R. Rochette (p. 388,
distinguished both as a sculptor in marble, and as n. 2) attacks Wesseling and Brunck (ad loc.) for
a statuary in bronze. identifying the maker of this statue with the Phy2. Another artist, necessarily different from the romachazs of Diodorus; but he gives no reason for
former, is placed in Pliny's list, among the sta- his own identification of him with Phyromachus I.
tuaries who flourished in 01. 121, B. C. 295. (Plin. His reason is probably the assumption that AnaxaII. ~. xxxiv. 8. s. 19). A little further on (~ 24), goras, who is mentioned in the epigram as (ledicating
Pliny mentions him as one of those statuaries who the statue, is the great philosopher; which is altorepresented the battles of Attalus and Eumenes gether uncertain. On the other hand, the work
against the Gauls. Of these battles the most cele- itself, as described in the epigram, seems to belong
brated was that which obtained for Attalus I. the to a late period of the art. We think it doubtful,
title of king, about B. C. 241 (Polyb. xviii. 24; in this case, to which of the two artists the work
Liv. xxxiii. 21; Strab. xiii. p. 624; Clinton, should be referred. [P. S.]
F. II. vol. iii. pp. 401, 402). The artist, there- PYRRHA. [DEUCALION.]
fore, flourished at least as late as 01. 135, B.C. PY'RRHIAS (fuipilas), an Aetolian, who was
240. Perhaps Pliny has placed him a little too sent by his countrymen during the Social War
early, in order to ilnclude him in the epoch pre- (B. C. 218), to take the command in Elis. Here
ceding the decline of the art. The painter Mydon he took advantage of the absence of Philip, and
of Soli was his disciple, whence we may infer that the incapacity of Eperatus the Achaean praetor, to
Pyromachus was also a painter. [MYDON]. make frequent incursions into the Achaean terIt is supposed by the best writers on ancient ritories, and having established a fortified post on
art that the celebrated statue of a dying combatant, Mount Panachaicuim, laid waste the whole country
popularly called the Dying Gladiator, is a copy as far as Rhium and Aegium. The next year
from one of the bronze statues in the works men- (B. c. 217) he concerted a plan with Lycurgus
tioned by Pliny. It is evidently the statue of a king of Sparta for the invasion of Messenia, but
Celt. failed in the execution of his part of the scheme,
There are two other statues mentioned by being repulsed by the Cyparissians before he could
various writers, which must be referred to one or effect a junction with Lycurgus. He in conother of these two artists. sequence returned to Elis, but the Eleans being
One of these was a very celebrated statue of dissatisfied with his conduct, he was shortly after
Asclepius, at Pergamus, whence it was carried off recalled by the Aetolians, and succeeded by Euby Prusias; as is related by Polybius (Excerpt. ripidas. (Polyb. v. 30, 91, 92, 94.) At a later
Vales. xxxii. 25), and Diodorus (Frag. xxxi. 35; period he obtained the office of praetor, or chief
Excerpt. de Virt. et Vit. p. 588, ed. Wess.); of magistrate of the Aetolianls, in the same year that
whom the former gives the artist's name as Pity- the honorary title of that office was bestowed upoll
lomnachus, the latter as Phyrom.ahus, while Suidas Attalus, king of Pergamus, B. c. 208. In the
-converts it into Philomnachus (s. v. FIpouaias). For spring of that year he advanced with an army to
whatever reason Raoul-Rochette has ascribed this Lamia to oppose the passage of Philip towards the
work to the elder Phyromachus, and on what Peloponnese, but though supported with an auxground he asserts that its execution must be iliary force both by Attalus and the Roman praetor
placed between O1. 88 and 98 (Letire a M. Schorn, Sulpicius, he was defeated by Philip in two sucp. 387, 2nd ed.) we are at a loss to conjecture, cessive battles, and forced to retire within the
unless it be that he has not examined attentively walls of Lamia. (Liv. xxvii. 30.) It is not inlenough all three of the passages of Pliny (comp. probable that Sipyrrhicas, who appears in Livy
1. c. p. 3838, n. 4). Wesseling already referred (xxxi. 46) as chief of the Aetolian deputation,
the work to Phyromachus II. (ad Diod. 1. c., which met Attalus at Heracleia, is only a false
a note to which R. Rochette refers); and the reading for Pyrrhias. (Brandstiiter, Gesch. des
statements of Pliny, instead of opposing this view, Aetoli.chen Bundes, p. 412.) [E. H. B.]
rather confirm it; for, as we have seen that his PYRRHON (IIvp3ov), a celebrated Greek phiPyroanachus, in one of the three passages, repre- losopher, a native of Elis. He was the son of
sents the Greek QVPo',GaXos, there is nothing Pleistarchus (DioR. Lac-rt. ix. 61), or Pistocrates
strange in its representing the same form in the (Paus. vi. 24, ~ 5), and is said to have been poor,
other two. We infer, therefore, that the true and to have followed, at first, the profession of a
name of this younger artist was Phy/romachus, and painter. His contemporary and biographer, Antithat he flourished under Eumenes I. and Attalus genus of Carystus (Aristocles, ap. Enlseb. Pra(7p.
I., or Attalus I. and Eumenes II., at Pergamnus, Ev. xiv. 18, p. 763), mentioned some torch-bearers,
where he made the statue of Aesculapius now tolerably well executed, painted by him in the
referred to, and (in conjunction with other artists) gymnasium of his native town (Diog. LaErt. ix.
the battle groups mentioned by Pliny. 62, comp. 61; Aristocl.. c.; Lucian, bis Acces.
The statue of Asclepius appears to have been 25). He is then said to have been attracted to
one of the chief types of the god. The type is philosophy by the books of Democritus (Aristocl.
probably that which is seen on the coins of Per-. c.; comp. Diog. Lagrt. ix. 69), to have attended
gamus, anid in several existing statues, as for the lectures of Bryson, a disciple of Stilpon, to