A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

404 PLATO. PLATO.
other virtues. Abi!.ity of the emotive element I chiefly by Johannes Oporinus, who was afterwards
([vloeLas's), when penetrated with wisdom to professor of Greek in that university. It does not
govern the whole sensuous nature, is Courage. If appear that he made use of any manuscripts, but
the sensuous or appetitive (C-rLOutvrrLKc'v) element he succeeded in correcting many of the mistakes to
is brought into unity with the ends of wisdom, be found in the edition of Aldus, though some of
moderation or prudence (owsppoaotii), as an inward his alterations were corruptions of sound passages.
harmony, is the result. If the inward harmony of The edition was, however, enriched by having inthe activities shows itself active in giving an corporated with it the commentaries of Proclus on
harmonious form to our outward relations in the the Timaeus and the State, which had shortly
world, Virtue exerts itself in the form of Justice before been discovered by Simon Grynaeus in the
(de Rep. iv. p. 428, b. &c.). That happiness library of the university at Oxford, and a triple
coincides with the inward harmony of virtue, is Greek index,-one of words and phrases, another of
inferred from this deduction of the virtues, as also proper names, and a third of proverbs to be found
from the discussions respecting pleasure (de Rep. in Plato. The next edition, published at Basle in
viii. p. 547, &c. ix. p. 580, &c.). 1556, was superintended by Marcus Hopperus,
If it be true that the ethico-rational nature of who availed himself of a collation of some manuthe individual can only develope itself completely scripts of Plato made in Italy by Arnoldus Arlein a well-ordered state (de Rep. vi. 496, b.), then nius, and so corrected several of the errors of the
the object and constitution of the state must per- previous Basle edition, and gave a large number of
fectly answer to the moral nature of the individual, various readings; the edition of H. Stephanus
and politics must be an essential, inseparable part (1578, in three volumes) is equally remarkable
of ethics. While, therefore, Plato considers the for the careful preparation of the text, by correcting
state as the copy of a well-regulated individual life the mistakes of copyists and typographers, and
(de Rep. ii. p. 368, e. viii. p. 544, e. &c.), he de- introducing in several instances very felicitous immands of it that it should exhibit a perfect har- provements, and for the dishonesty with which the
mony, in which everything is common to all, and editor appropriated to himself the labours of others
the individual in all his relations only an organ of without any acknowledgment, and with various
the state. The entire merging of the individual life tricks strove to conceal the source from which they
in the life of the state might have appeared to him as were derived. His various readings are taken
the only effectual means of stemming that selfishness chiefly, if not entirely, from the second Basle
and licence of the citizens, which in his time was edition, from the Latin version of Ficinus, and
becoming more and more predominant. Plato de- from the notes of Cornarius. It is questionduces the three main elements of the state from the ble whether he himself collated a single manuthree different activities of the soul; and just as script. The Latin version of Serranus, which
the appetitive element should be absolutely under is printed in this edition, is very bad. The
control, so also the working class, which answers occasional translations of Stephanus himself are
to it; and the military order, which answers to far better. The Bipont edition (11 vols. 8vo.
the emotive element, should develope itself in A. D. 1781-1786) contains a reprint of the text
thorough dependence upon the reason, by means of that of Stephanus, with the Latin version of
of gymnastics and music; and from that the go- Marsilius Ficinus. Some fresh various readings,
verning order, answering to the rational faculty, collected by Mitscherlich, are added. It was, howmust proceed. The right of passing from the rank ever, by Immanuel Bekker that the text of Plato
of a guard (pv'XaKes, d E7r IcKovplcKY) to that of a was first brought into a satisfactory condition in
ruler, must be established by the capacity for rais- his edition, published in 1816-18, accompanied
ing oneself from beconzing to being, from notion to by the Latin version of Ficinus (here restored,
knowledge; for the ruler ought to be in a condition generally speaking, to its original form, the reprints
to extend and confirm the government of the reason of it in other previous editions of Plato containing
in the state more and more, and especially to direct numerous alterations and corruptions), a critical
and watch over training and education. Without commentary, an extensive comparison of various
admitting altogether the impracticability of his state, readings, and the Greek scholia, previously edited
yet Plato confesses that no realisation of it in the by Ruhnken, with some additions, together with
phenomenal world can fully express his idea, but copious indexes. The dialogues are arranged acthat an approximation to it must be aimed at by cording to the scheme of Schleiermacher. The Latin
a limitation of unconditional unity and community, version in this edition has sometimes been erroadapted to circumstances. On this account, with neously described as that of Wolf. A joint edition
the view of approximating to the given circum- by Bekker and Wolf was projected and comstances, he renounces, in his book on the Laws, menced, but not completed. The reprint of Bekthat absolute separation of ranks; limits the power ker's edition, accompanied bythe notesof Stephanus,
of the governors, attempts to reconcile freedom with Heindorf, Wyttenbach, &c., published by Priestley
reason and unity, to mingle monarchy with demo- (Lond. 1826), is a useful edition. Ast's edition
cracy; distinguishes several classes of rulers, and (Lips. 1819-1827, 9 vols. 8vo., to which two
will only commit to their organically constructed volumes of notes on the four dialogues, Protagoras,
body the highest power under the guarantee of the Phaedrus, Georgias, and Phaedo, have since been
laws. [Ch. A. B.] added) contains many ingenious and excellent
There are numerous editions both of the entire emendations of the text, which the editor's protext of Plato, and of separate dialogues. The first found acquaintance with the phraseology of Plato
was that published by Aldus at Venice, in A. D. enabled him to effect. G. Stallbaum, who edited a
1513. In this edition the dialogues are arranged critical edition of the text of Plato (Lips. 1821in nine tetralogies, according to the division of 1825, 8 vols. 8vo.*, and 1826, 8 vols. 12mo.),
Thrasyllus (see above). The next edition was
that published at Basle, in 1534. It was edited " This edition was completed by four additional