A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

346 PHORMION. PHORONEUS.
the Corinthian vessels from sailing out of the gulf, ciple of Plato, sent by the latter to the Eleans for
and to stop all vessels bound for Corinth. He was the purpose of giving them some laws. (Plut.
still here in the summer of 429, when a Pelopon- adv. Colot. p. 1126, c.)
nesian fleet was sent to aid the allies of Sparta in the 2. A peripatetic philosopher of Ephesus, of
West. By his skilful manoeuvres with very inferior whom is told the story that he discoursed for seforces he gained a decisive victory over the Pelopon- veral hours before Hannibal on the military art
nesian fleet. In a second engagement, which ensued and the duties of a general. When his admiring
not long after, though at first compelled to retreat, auditory asked Hannibal what he thought of him,
by seizing an opportunity afforded by the confusion the latter replied, that of all the old blockheads
into which the fleet of the enemy was thrown by whom he had seen, none could match Phormion.
means of a dexterous manoeuvre of one of the (Cic. de Orat. ii. 18.) [C. P. M.]
Athenian ships which was being chased, Phormion PHORMIS or PHORMUS (4,'op/xs,Aristot.
gained another brilliant victory. For the details, Pausan.; *4'pyos-, Athen. Suid.). Bentley is of
the reader is referred to Thucydides, where they opinion that the former is the correct mode of
are given at length. In the ensuing winter Phor- spelling (Dissert. uposs Phalaris, vol. i. p. 252, ed.
mion led an expedition along the coast of Acarna- 1836). In Themistius he is called "Aluoppos.
nia, and, disembarking, advanced into the interior, He came originally from Maenalus in Arcadia, and
where he gained some successes. (Thucyd. i. 64, having removed to Sicily, became intimate with
6.5, 117, ii. 29, 58, 68, 69, 80-92, 102, 103; Gelon, whose children he educated. He distinDiod. xii. 37, 47, 48.) guished himself as a soldier, both under Gelon and
On one occasion, when called on to submit to Hieron his brother, who succeeded, B. C. 478. In
the sEzv 7i, he was condemned to pay a fine of 100 gratitude for his martial successes, he dedicated
minae. Not being able to do so, he was made gifts to Zeus at Olympia, and to Apollo at Delphi.
afrtljos, and retired to Paeania. While here a re- Pausanias (v. 27) gives a description of the former
quest came from the Acarnanians that he might of these - two horses and charioteers; and he debe sent out as commander to them. To this the scribes a statue of Phormis engaged in fight, dediAthenians consented, but Phormion urged that it cated by Lycortas, a Syracusan. Though the
was contrary to law to send out in that way a matter has been called in question, there seems to
mall who was under sentence of drtju.ia. As the be little or no doubt that this is the same person
ostensible remission of the fine was not lawful, the who is associated by Aristotle with Epicharmus,
device was resorted to (as in the case of Demo- as one of the originators of comedy, or of a partisthenes, Plut. Demn. c. 27) of assigning to him cular form of it. We have the names of eight
some trifling public service (which in his case comedies written by him, in Suidas (s. v.), who
seems to have been a sacrifice to Dionysus), for also states that he was the first to introduce actors
which he was paid the amount of his fine. (Schol. with robes reaching to the ankles, and to ornament
ad Aristoph. Pac. 348; Paus. i. 23. ~ 10; Biickh, the stage with skins dyed purple -as drapery it
ap. Meineke, Fragmn. Poet. Corn. Ant. ii. i. p. 527). may be presumed. From the titles of the plays,
Phormion was no longer alive in B. c. 428, when we may safely infer that he selected the same mythe Acarnanians, out of respect to his memory, re- thological subjects as Epicharmus. They are,
quested that his son Asopius might be sent to "'A sr7)ros,'Ancios,''A cvvve,''IAfov fIIpOp0lo's,
them as general. (Thucyd. iii. 7.) The tomb of'"Ir7ros, Kpke EVs, or Ke(pdAaLa, a Iepoeos,'AraXdr~7?.
Phormion was on the road leading to the Academy, (Aristot. Po'tic. c. 5; Paus., Suidas, 1l. cc.;
near those of Pericles and Chabrias. (Paus. i. 29. Athen. xiv. p. 652, a; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol.
~ 3.) HI-e was a man of remarkably temperate ii. p. 315.) [W. M. G.]
habits, and a strict disciplinarian. (Aristoph. Equit. PHORO'NEUS (QIop0,veVs), a son of Inachus
560, Pax, 348, Lys. 804; Schol. ad Arist. Pac. and the Oceanid Melia or Archia, was a brother of
347; Suidas s. v.,opauw;,vss o'stCds; Athen. x. Aegialeus and the ruler of Peloponnesus. He was
p. 419, a.) married to the nymph Laodice, by whom he became
2. A freedman of Pasion the banker. After the father of Niobe, Apis, and Car. (Hygin. Fab.
the death of the latter he married his widow, and 143; Schol. ad Eurip. Or. 920; Apollod. ii. 1.
became guardian to his younger son Pasicles. It ~ I1; Paus. i. 39. ~ 4.) Pausanias (ii. 21. ~ 1)
was not however till eleven years after the death calls his wife Cerdo, and the Scholiast on Euof Pasion that he received the franchise of an ripides calls his first wife Peitho, and her children
Athenian citizen. (Dem. adv. Steph. p. 1126.) Aegialeus and Apia, and the second Europa, who
He was a ship-owner; and on one occasion, when was the mother of Niobe. According to Hellanithe people of Byzantium had detained some of his cus (ap. Eustatli. ad Honz. p. 385) he had three
ships, he sent Stephanus to complain of the wrong. sons, Pelasgus, Iasus, and Agenor, who, after their
(Ib. p. 1121.) Apollodorus, the eldest son of father's death, distributed the kingdom of Argos
Pasion, brought an action against Phormion, who among themselves. Phoroneus is said to have
was defended by Demosthenes in the speech zVrep been the first who offered sacrifices to Hera at
Iopu'wvos. Subsequently Apollodorus brought the Argos, and to have united the people, who until
witnesses of Phormion to trial for perjury, when then had lived in scattered habitations, into a city
Demosthenes supported the other side, and com- which was called after him aorTV'opwvLKo'. (Paus.
posed for Apollodorus the speeches against Ste- ii. 15, in fin.; Hygin. Fab. 274.) He is further
phanus. [APOLLODORUS.] (Demosth. 1. c.; Aesch. said to have discovered the use of fire (Paus. ii.
defals. Leg. p. 50; Plut. Demosth. c. 15; Clinton, 19. ~ 5); his tomb was shown at Argos, where
F. H. vol. ii. p. 358.) funeral sacrifices were offered to him (ii. 20. ~ 3).
3. SEX. CLODnUS PHORMIO, a money lender men- The patronymic Phoroneides is sometimes used for
tioned by Cicero (pro Caecina, 9. ~ 27), who does not Argives in general, but especially to designate
speak of him in very flattering terms. [C. P. M.] Amphiaraus and Adrastus (Paus. vii. 17. ~ 3
PHO'RMION (,IoppLwv), literary. 1. A dis- Theocrit. xxv. 200.) [L. S.]