A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

PHILOTIMUS. PHILOXENUS. 331
PHILOTHEUS (lAcx6Oeos), is supposed to be is a mistake, as M. Littr6 observes (Oeuvres
the same person as Theophilus Protospatharius. d'Hippocr. vol. i. pp. 82, 367), for Galen only
[THEOPHILUS PROTOSP.] There is extant under says that he composed a work on the same subject,
his name a commentary on the Aphorisms of Hip- and with the same title. (Comment. in Hippoce.
pocrates,, which is in a great measure compiled "De O~fic. Ml1ed." i. praef., 5, vol. xviii. pt. ii.
from Galen's commentary on the same work, and pp. 629, 666.) In an anatomical treatise which
is attributed to different persons in different MSS. he wrote he pronounced the brain and heart to be
It was first published in a Latin translation by useless organs (Galen, De Usu I'art. viii. 3, vol. iii.
Ludov. Coradus, Venet. 8vo. 1549, and again, p. 625), and the former to be merely an excessive
Spirae, 8vo. 1581: and it is in a great measure, if development and offshoot (:iJrepav'd(Jya Kal SAXanot entirely, the same work that has lately been (rl-Taa) of the spinal marrow. (Ibid. c. 12, p. 671.)
published in Greek by F. R. Dietz in the second Philotimus is quoted in various other parts of
volume of his Scholia in Hippocratem et Galenu2m Galen's writings (see Fabr. Bibl. Gr. vol. iii.
(Regim. Pruss. 8vo. 1834) under the name of p. 583, ed. vet.), and Plutarch relates an anecdote
Tleophilus. A short work relating to a MS. of of him. (De Recta lRat. Aaud. c. 10; De Adulat. et
Philotheus at Altdorf is mentioned by Choulant, Anzico, c. 35.) He is also quoted by the Scholiast
with the title, J. Andr. Nlagel, Program7na sistens on Homer (A. 424). [W. A. G.]
Memoriam Donationis Trewianac, Altorf. 4to. 1788. PHILOTI'MUS (4Aorhrqoos), a statuary of
(See Preface to vol. ii. of Dietz's Schol. in Ilippoer. Aegina, who made the statue of the Olympic victor
et Gal.; Choulant, Handb. der Biiclherkaende fur Xenombrotus of Cos, which stood in the Altis at
die Aeltere Medicin.) [W. A. G.] Olympia. (Paus. vi. 14. ~ 5. s. 12.) [P. S.]
PHILO'TA or PHF'LOTIS (IAhOa,,iAOhTls), PH1LO'XENUS (bAo'6evos), a Macedonian
a woman of Epeirus, mother of CHAROPS the officer in the service of Alexander the Great, who
younger. She aided and seconded her son through- was appointed by him after his return from Egypt
out in his cruelty and extortion, having quite thrown (B. c. 331) to superintend the collection of the
off her woman's nature, as Polybius and Diodorus tribute in the provinces north of Mount Taurus
tellus. (Polyb. xxxii. 21; Diod. Exc. de Virt. et (Arr. Anab. iii. 6. ~ 6). It would appear, howFit. p. 587.) [E. E.] ever, that he did not immediately assume this
PHILOTI'MUS, a freedman of Cicero, or rather command, as shortly afterwards we find him sent
of Terentia, is constantly mentioned in Cicero's forward by Alexander from the field of Arbela to
correspondence. He had the chief management of take possession of Susa and the treasures there
Cicero's property. (Cic. ad Att. ii. 4, iv. 10, v. 3, deposited, which he effected without opposition
et alibi.) (Id. iii. 16. ~ 9).'After this he seems to have
PHILOTI'MUS (4roXrT,uaos), an emineit Greek remained quietly in the discharge of his functions
physician, a pupil of Praxagoras (Galen, De Ali- in Asia Minor (see Plut. Alex. 22; Paus. ii. 33.
ment. Facult. i. 12, vol. vi. p. 509), and a fellow- ~ 4), until the commencement of the year 323,
pupil of Herophilus (id. De Aeth. Mled. i. 3, vol. x. when he conducted a reinforcement of troops from
p. 28). He was also a contemporary of Erasis- Caria to Babylon, where he arrived just before the
tratus (id. Comment. in Hippocr. " Aphor." vi. 1, last illness of Alexander (Id. vii. 23, 24). In
vol. xviii. pt. i. p. 7), and is quoted by Heracleides the distribution of the provinces which followed
of Tarentun (ap. Gal. Comment. in tlippocr. "De the death of that monarch we find no mention of
Artic." iv. 40, vol. xviii. pt. i. p. 736), and there- Philoxenus, but in B. c. 321 he was appointed by
fore must probably have lived in the fourth and Perdiccas to succeed Philotas in the government of
third centuries B. c. Celsus mentions him as one Cilicia. By what means he afterwards conciliated
of the eminent physicians of antiquity (De AMedic. the favour of Antipater we know not, but in the
viii. 20, p. 185); and he is quoted by several of partition at Triparadeisus after the fall of Perdiccas
the ancient medical writers, viz. by Caelius Aure- he was still allowed to retain his satrapy of Cilicia
lianus (De Alorb. Acut. ii. 16, De Mforb. Chro,. (Justin. xiii. 6; Arrian, ap. Phot. p. 71, b.; Diod.
i. 4. pp. 115, 323), Oribasius (Med. Coll. ii. 69, xviii. 39). From this time we hear no more of
iv. 10, v. 32, pp. 236, 255, 279), and Aetius* him. [E. H. B.]
(iii. 3, 12, p. 555), and every frequently by PHILO'XENUS (4lhA6ieeoe). Among seGalen. He belonged to the medical sect of veral literary persons of this nlame, by far the
the Dogmatici or Logici (Galen, De Ven. Sect. most important is Pbiloxenus of Cythera, who
adv. Erasistr. cc. 5, 6, vol. xi. pp. 163, 169; Cra- was one of the most distinguished dithllrambic
mer's Anecd. Graeca Paris. vol. i. p. 395), and poets of Greece. The accounts respectiing him are,
wrote several medical works, of which only a few however, strangely confused, owing to the fact that
fragments remain. Athenaeus quotes a work on there was another Philoxenus, a Leucadian, livilng
Cookery,'O/apTrVTrnoCs (vii. 81, p. 308), and at Athens about the same time or a little earlier:
another on Food, Ilept Tpopijs, consisting of both these persons are ridiculed by the poets of tilhe
at least thirteen books (iii. 20, 24, pp. 81, 82): Old Comedy; both seem to have spent a part of
this latter work is several times quoted by Galen their lives in Sicily; and it is evident that the
(De Alinlent. I'acult. i. 11, iii. 30, 31, vol. vi. pp. grammniarians were constantly confounding the one
507, 720, 726, et alibi.). Some modern critics with the other. In order to exhibit the subject as
suppose that he wrote a commentary on Hippo- clearly as possible, it is best to begin with the
crates, KaT''IlqrpEo7v, De Ofjicina illIedici; but this younger, but more important of these two persons.
1. Philoxenus, the son of Euletidas, was a
* Aetius relates of Philotimus (ii. 2. 9, p. 250) native of Cythera, or, as others said, of Heracleia
the same anecdote that is told by Alexander Tral- on the Pontus (Suid. s. v.); but the former account
lianus of Philodotus [PHILODOTUS], and indeed it is no doubt the correct one. We learn from the
is most probable that in this latter passage'Philo- Parian Marble (No. 70) that he died in 01. 100,
timrls is the true reading. B. c. 380, at the age of 55; he was, therefore, born