A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

304 PIIILODOTUS. PhtlLOLAUS.
involved in war with the colonists from Pallene, the weight of which made the poor man think that
Philoctetes assisted the Rhodians, and was slain. he had recovered his head, so that he was free from
His tomb and sanctuary, in which heifers were sa- his fancy ever after. Of the date of Philodotus it
crificed to him, were shown at Macalla. (Tzetz. can only be said that he must have lived in or
ad Lye. 911, 927.) [L. S.] before the sixth century after Christ. [W. A. G.]
PHILODAMEIA (iLokaOd/sELa), one of the PHILOE'TIUS (tXolrTlos),the celebrated cowdaughters of Danaus, became by Hermes the mother herd of Odysseus, who is frequently mentioned in
of Pharis. (Paus. iv. 30. ~ 2, vii. 22. ~ 3; comp. the Odyssey (xx. 24, 185, 254, xxi. 240, 388, xxii.
PHARIS.) [L. S.] 359.) [L. S.]
PIIILODA'MUS, of Bassus, a chaser in gold, PHILO'GENES. 1. A slave or freedman of
mentioned in a Latin inscription. (Gruter, p. Atticus, frequently mentioned in Cicero's letters
dcxxxviii. 10). [P. S.] (ad /dlt. v. 13, 20, vi. 2, 3, &c.).
PHILODE'MUS (q4,o'77ayos), an Argive, was 2. A geographer of Italy, spoken of by Tzetzes
sent by Hieronymus, king of Syracuse, to Han- (ad Lycophs-. 1085).
nibal in B. C. 215, to propose an alliance. In B. C. PHILOLA'US (,iAAnaos), that is, friend of the
212, when Marcellus was besieging Syracuse, we people, was a surname of Asclepius, under which
find Philodemus governor of the fort of Euryalus, he had a temple in Laconia (Pans. iii. 22. ~ 7).
on the top of Epipolae, and this he surrendered to It occurs also as the proper name of a son of Minos
the Romans on condition that he and his garrison and the nymph Pareia, in Paros. (Apollod. ii. 9.
should be allowed to depart uninjured to join ~ 5, iii. 1. ~ 2.) [L. S.]
Epicydes in Achradina. (Polyb. vii. 7; Liv. xxiv. 6, PHILOLA'US (,XuoAaos), a Corinthian of the
xxv. 25.) [E. E.] house of the Bacchiadae. Having become ennPHILODE'MUS (,4AI 8maeeos) of Gadara, in Pa- moured of a youth named Diocles, and the latter
lestine, an Epicurean philosopher and epigrammatic having quitted Corinth, Philolaus accompanied him.
poet, contemporary with Cicero, who makes a vio- They settled in Thebes, where Philolaus proposed
lent attack upon him, though without mentioning some laws, which were adopted by the Thebans
his name, as the abettor of Piso in all his profligacy (Aristot. Pol. ii. 9). [C. P. M.]
(Cic. in Pis. 28, 29), though in another place he PHILOLA'US (4IXoAaos), a distinguished Pyspeaks of him in the following high terms:-" Si- thagorean philosopher. According to Diogenes
roner et Philodeesnoum cuTi optimnos viros, tuna doc- Laiertius (viii. 84) he was born at Crotona; actissisnos homines" (De Fin. ii. 35); and indeed, in cording to other authorities (Iambllich. Vit. Pyth.
the former passage, while attacking his character, 36) at Tarentum. It is more probable that these
he praises his poetical skill and elegance, his are varying statements with regard to the same
knowledge of philosophy, and his general inform- person, than that two different persons of the same
ation, in the highest terms. From the language of name are referred to. The most secure datum for
Cicero, it may be inferred that Philodemus was ascertaining the age of Philolaus is the statement
one of the most distinguished Epicurean philoso- of Plato (Phlaed. p. 61, d.) that he was the instructor
phers of his time, and that he lived on terms of of Simmias and Cebes at Thebes. This would
intimacy with men of the highest rank in Rome. make him a contemporary of Socrates, and agrees
He is also mentioned by Diogenes Lairtius (x. 3), with the statement that Philolaus and Democritus
by Strabo (xvi. p. 759), and by Horace (Sat. i. were contemporaries (Apollod. ap. Diog. Lcartf.
2. 121). ix. 38). Tile statement that after the death of
His epigrams were included in the Anthology of Socrates Plato heard Philolaus in Italy, which
Philip of Thessalonica, and he seems to have been rests only on the authority of Diogenes Lairtins
the earliest poet who had a place in that collection. (iii. 6), may safely be rejected. Philolaus is not
The Greek Anthology contains thirty-four of them, mentioned among the Pythagorean teachers of
which are chiefly of a light and amatory character, Plato by Cicero, Appuleius, or Hieronymus (Island which quite bear out Cicero's statements con- terpr. ad Diog. Laert. iii. 6). Philolaus lived for
cerning the licentiousness of his matter and the some time at Heracleia, where he was the pupil of
elegance of his manner. Of his prose writings Aresas, or (as Plutarch calls him) Arcesus (IamDiogenes (I.c.) quotes from the tenth book TrS Ws, blich. Vit. Pyth. c. 36, comp. Plut. dle Gen. Socr.
PiAoadqoopv ovsaTrdews, and a MS. has been disco- 13, though the account given by Plutarch in the
vered at Herculaneum containing a work by him passage referred to involves great inaccuracies, see
on music, 7repl eoueLiKJs. (Menag. ad Diog. Liiert. B6ckh, Philolaos, p. 8). The absurd statement of
I.c.; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iii. p. 609, iv. p. Iamblichus (c. 23) that Philolaus was a pupil of
491; Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 83; Jacobs, Aezth. Pythagoras, is contradicted by himself elsewhere
Graec. vol. ii. p. 70, xiii. p. 937; Orelli, Onoe. (c. 31), where he says that several generations inTullian. s. v.) [P. S.] tervened between them. The date when Philolaus
PHILO'DICE (lXotis/i), adaughterof lnachus removed to Thebes is not known. B6ickh (ibid.
and the wife of Leucippus, by whom she became p. 10) conjectures that family connections induced
the mother of Hilaeira and Phoebe. (Apollod. iii. Philolaus and Lysis to take up their abode in
10. ~ 3; comp. DIOSCURI.) [L. S.] Thebes; and we do, in point of fact, hear of a
PHILO;DOTUS (CXhd3o-ros), a physician of Philolaus of the house of the Bacchiadae, who gave
whom Alexander Trallianus * (De Medic. i. 17, some laws to the Thebans. (See the preceding
p. 165) tells an anecdote of the ingenious way in article.) That Philolaus was driven out of Italy
which he cured a melancholy and hypochondriacal at the time when the Pythagorean brotherpatient, who fancied he had had his head cut off. hood was broken up (i. e. shortly after the overPhilodotus suddenly put on his head a leaden hat, throw of Sybaris), is inconsistent with the chronology, though it is possible enough that there may
* It is probable, however, that the true reading have been, at a later period, more than one expulin this passage is Philotimus. [PHILOTIMUS.] sion of Pythl;goreans who attempted to revive in