A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

PHILIPPUS. PH ILIPPUS. 283
with the Aetolians, and he next proceeded to lay Maroneia, and then advancing to the Chersonese,
siege to Cius, in Bithynia. The Rhodians (who laid siege to Abydus. The desperate resistance
had not yet conle to an open rupture with Philip, of the inhabitants prolonged the defence of this
though his share in the perfidy of Heracleides place for so long a time that it would have been
could be no secret) in vain interposed their good easy for their allies to have relieved them, but
offices in favour of Ciius: their representations Attalus and the Rhodians neglected to send them
were treated with derision; and the king having assistance, the remonstrances of the Roman ammade himself master of the place, gave it up to bassador, tI. Aemilius Lepidus, were treated with
plunder, sold all the inhabitants as slaves, and derision by Philip, and the city ultimately fell into
then consigned the empty city to his ally, Prusias, his hands, though not till almost the whole of the
king of Bithynia. On his return to Macedonia, inhabitants had perished either by the sword of
he inflicted a similar fate on Thasos, though it had the enemy or by their own hands. (Liv. xxxi.
surrendered on capitulation. (Polyb. xv. 21-24; 2-5, 6, 14, 16-18; Polyb. xvi. 27-34.)
Liv. xxxii. 33.) But these repeated injuries at Immediately after the fall of Abydos, Philip
length roused the Rhodians to open hostilities: learnt the arrival of Sulpicius in Epeirus, but finding
they concluded a league with Attalus (B. c. 201), that the consul had already taken up his winterand equipped a powerful fleet. Philip had taken quarters, he took no farther measures to oppose
Samos, and was besieging Chios, when the com- him. Claudius, who had been sent to the support
bined fleets of the allies presented themselves, and of the Athenians, was more enterprizing, and not
a general battle ensued, in which, after a severe content with guarding the coasts of Attica, he, by
and long-protracted struggle, the allies were vic- a bold stroke, surprised and plundered Chalcis.
torious, although the Rhodian admiral, Theophi- Philip, on this news, hastened to oppose him, but
liscus, was killed, and Attalus himself narrowly finding that Claudius had already quitted Chalcis,
escaped falling into the hands of the enemy. The which he was not strong enough to hold, the king
advantage, however, was by no means decisive, pushed on with great rapidity, in the hopes of
and in a second action off Lade, Philip obtained surprising Athens itself, an object which, in fact,
the victory. This success appears to have left him he narrowly missed. Foiled in this scheme, he
almost free scope to carry on his operations on the avenged himself by laying waste the environs of
coasts of Asia; he took Chios, ravaged without the city, sparing in his fury neither the sepulchres
opposition the dominions of Attalus, up to the of men, nor the sacred groves and temples of the
very walls of Pergamus, and afterwards reduced gods. After this he repaired to Corinth, and took
the whole of the district of Peraea held by the part in an assembly of the Achaeans, but failed in
Rhodians on the main land, including the cities of inducing that people to take part more openly in
lasus and Bargylia. But meanwhile the Rhodians the war with the Romans; and having a second
and Attalus had strengthened their fleet so much time ravaged the territory of Attica, returned once
that they were greatly superior at sea, and Philip more into Macedonia. (Liv. xxxi. 18, 22-26.)
was, in consequence, compelled to take up his The consul, Sulpicius, was now, at length, ready
winter-quarters in Caria. It was not till the to take the field, B. c. 199. He had already gained
ensuing spring (B. C. 200), that he was able to some slight successes through his lieutenant, L.
elude, by a stratagem, the vigilance of his enemies, Apustius, and had been joined by the Illyrian
and effect his return to Europe, where the state of prince Pleuratus, Amynander, king of Athamania,
affairs imperiously demanded his presence. At- and the Dardanian, Bato. The Aetolians, on the
talus and the Rhodians having failed in their contrary, though strongly solicited both by Philip
attempt to overtake him, repaired to Aegina, where and the Romans, as yet declined to take part in
they readily induced the Athenians, already on the war. Sulpicius advanced through Dassaretia,
hostile terms with Philip, to join their alliance, where Philip met him with his main army, and
and openly declare war against the Macedonian several unimportant actions ensued, in one of
king. (Polyb. xvi. 11, 12, 24-26; Polyaen. which, near Octolophus, the Romans gained the
iv. 17. ~ 2; Liv. xxxi. 14, 15.) victory; and this advantage, though of little conBut a more formidable enemy was now at hand. sequence in itself, had the effect of deciding the
The Romans were no sooner free from their long- Aetolians to espouse the Roman cause, and they
protracted contest with Carthage than they began joined with Amynander in an inroad into Thesto lend a favourable ear to the complaints that saly. At the same time the Dardanians invaded
poured in on all sides from the Athenians, the Macedonia from the north, and Philip found it
Rhodians, Attalus, and Ptolemy, against the necessary to make head against these new enemies.
Macedonian monarch; and notwithstanding some He accordingly quitted his strong position near the
reluctance on the part of the people, war was camp of Sulpicius, and having eluded the vigilance
declared against Philip, and the conduct of it of the Roman general, effected his retreat unmoassigned to the consul P. Sulpicius Galba, B. C. lested into Macedonia, from whence he sent
200. But it was late in the season before he was Athenagoras against the Dardanians, while he
able to set out for his province; and after sending himself hastened to attack the Aetolians, who
a small force, under C. Claudius Centho, to the were still in Thessaly, intent only upon plunder.
assistance of the Athenians, he took up his quarters Philip fell upon them by surprise, put many of
for the winter at Apollonia. Meanwhile Attalus them to the sword, and totally defeated their
and the Ihodians neglected to prosecute the war, army, which would have been utterly destroyed,
perhaps waiting for the arrival of the Roman had it not been for their ally, Amynsander. The
forces. Philip, on his part, was not slow in avail- Roman general meanwhile, after pushing on into
ing himself of the respite thus granted him. While Eordaea and Orestis, where he took the city of
he sent Nicanor to invade Attica, lie himself Celetrus, had fallen back again into Epeirus, withturned his arms towards Thrace, where he reduced out effecting anything of importance: the Dardain succession the important towns of Aenus and nians had been repulsed and defeated by Athelna