A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

PHILIPPUS, PHILIPPUS. 277
an ineffectual attempt to gain an ascendancy in MIe- to Selymbria, see Newman, in the CGlassical 41iuseum,
gara, through the traitors Ptoeodorns and Perilaus vol. i. pp. 153, 154.)
(Dem. de Cor. pp. 242, 324, de Fals. Leg. p. 435; This gleam, however, of Athenian prosperity
Plut. P]hoc. 15); and in the same year he marched was destined to be as short as it was glorious.
into Epeirus, and compelled three refractory towns Philip, baffled in Thrace, carried his arms against
in the Cassopian district,-Pandosia, Bucheta, and Atheas, a Scythian prince, from whom lie had reElateia,-to submit themselves to his brother-in- ceived insult and injury. The campaign was a
law Alexander (Pseudo-Dem. de Ilal. p. 84). successful one; but on his return from the Danube
From this quarter he meditated an attack on Am- his march was opposed by the Triballi, and in a
bracia and Acarnania, the success of which would battle which he fought with them he received a
have enabled him to effect an union with the Aeto- severe wound. This expedition he would seem to
lians, -whose favour he had secured by a promise of have undertaken partly in the hope of deluding the
taking Naupactus for them from the Achaeans, Greeks into the belief that Grecian politics occupied
and so to open a way for himself into the Pelopon- his attention less than heretofore; and meanwhile
nesus. But the Athenians, roused to activity by Aeschines and his party were blindly or treacheDemosthenes, sent ambassadors to the Pelopon- rously promoting his designs against the liberties
nesians and Acarnanians, and succeeded in forming of their country. For the way in which they did
a strong league against Philip, who was obliged in so, and for the events which ensued down to the
consequence to abandon his design. (Dem. Phil. fatal battle of Chaeroneia, in B.c. 338, the reader is
iii. pp. 120, 129; Aesch. c. Cles. pp. 65, 67.) referred to the article DEMOSTHIENES.
It was now becoming more and more evident The effect of this last decisive victory was to
that actual war between the parties could not be lay Greece at the feet of Philip; and, if we may
much longer avoided, and the negotiations conse- believe the several statements of Theopompus, Dioquent on Philip's offer to modify the terms of the dorus, and Plutarch, he gave vent to his exultation
treaty of 346 served only to show tile elements of in a most unseemly manner, and celebrated his
discord which were smouldering. The matters in triumph with drunken orgies, reeling forth from the'
dispute related mainly: 1. to the island of Halon- banquet to visit the field of battle, and singing denesus, which the Athenians regarded as their own, risively the commencement of the decrees of Deand which Philip had seized after expelling from it mosthenes, falling as it does into a comic Iambic
a band of pirates; 2. to the required restitution verse,by Philip of the property of those Athenians who ALaoorevr a AqyeoG vv naHavids Tslr' ET7rc-.
were residing at P9tidaea at the time of its capture
by him in 356; 3. to Amphipolis; 4. to the (Theopomp. ap. Ath. x. p. 435; Diod. xvi. 87
Thracian cities which Philip had taken after the Plut. Dem. 20.) Yet he extended to the Athepeace of 346 had been ratified at Athens; 5. to nians treatment far more favourable than they
the support given by him to the Cardians in their could have hoped to have received from him. Their
quarrel about their boundaries with the Athenian citizens who had been taken prisoners were sent
settlers in the Chersonesus [DIOPEIrHES]; and of home without ransom, due funeral rites were paid
these questions not one was satisfactorily adjusted, to their dead, whose bones Philip commissioned
as we may see from the speech (7rfpl'AXovvni'oev) Antipater to bear to Athens; their constitution
which was delivered in answer to a letter from was left untouched; and their territory was even
Philip to the Athenians on the subject of their increased by the restoration of Oropus, which was
complaints. Early in B.c. 342 Philip marchied into taken from the Thebans. On Thebes the conThrace against Teres and Cersobleptes, and esta- queror's vengeance fell more heavily. Besides the
blished colonies in the conquered territory. Hosti- loss of Oropus, he deprived her of her supremacy
lities ensued between the Macedonians and Dio- in Boeotia, placed her government in the hands of
peithes, the Athenian commander in the Cherso- a faction devoted to his interests, and garrisoned
nesus, and the remonstrance sent to Athens by the Cadmeia with Macedonian troops. The weakPhilip called forth the speech of Demosthenes (7repl ness to which he thus reduced her made it safe for
XePPov rorov), in which the conduct of Diopeithes him to deal leniently with Athens, a course to
was defended, as also the third Philippic, in conse- which he would be inclined by his predilection for
qoence of which the Athenians appear to have en- a city so rich in science and art and literature, no
tered into a successful negotiation with the Persian less than by the wish of increasing his popularity
king for an alliance against Macedonia (Phil. Ep. and his character for moderation throughout Greece.
ad Ath. ap. Dem. p. 160; Diod. xvi. 75; Paus. i. And now he seemed to have indeed within his
29; Arr. Asab. ii. 14). The operations in Euboea reach the accomplishment of the great object of his
in B. C. 342 and 341 [CALLIAS; CLEITARCHUS; ambition, the invasion and conquest of the Persian
PARMENION; PHOCION], as well as the attack of empire. In a congress held at Corinth, which was
Callias, sanctioned by At'lens, against the towns on attended, according to his invitation, by deputies
the bay of Pagasae, brought matters nearer to a from every Grecian state with the exception of
crisis, and Philip sent' to the Athenians a letter, Sparta, war with Persia was determined on, and
yet extant, defending his own conduct and arraign- the king of Macedonia was appointed to command
ing theirs. But the siege of Perinthus and By- the forces of the national confederacy. lie then
zantium, in which he was engaged, had increased advanced into the Peloponnesus, where he invaded
the feelings of alarm and anger at Athens, and a and ravaged Laconia, and compelled the Lacedaedecree was passed, on the motion of Demosthenes, monians to surrender a portion of their territory to
for succouring the. endangered cities. Chares, to Argos, Tegea, Megalopolis, and Messenia; and,
whom the armament was at first entrusted, effected having, thus weakened and humbled Sparta and
nothing, or rather worse than nothing; but Phocion, established his power through the whole of Greece,
whlo superseded him, compelled Philip to raise the he returned home in the latter end of B. C. 338.
siege of both the towns (B. c. 339). (With respect In the following year his marriage with Cleo