A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

PH-IILIPPUS. PHILIPPUS. 275
One great advantage of this acquisition was, that force of 7000 men, but he was defeated and driven
it put him in possession of the gold mines of the out of Thessaly by Philip, who followed up this
district, the mode of working which he so im- success with the capture of Pagasae, the port of
proved as to derive from them, so Diodorus tells Pherae. Soon,however, Philip washimselfobliged
us, a revenue of 1000 talents, or 243,7501/. -a to retreat into Macedonia, after two battles with
sum, however, which doubtless falls far short of Onomarchus, who had marched into Thessaly
what they yielded annually on the whole. (Diod. against him with a more numerous army; but his
xvi. 8; comp. Strab. vii. p. 323; Dem. Olynth. i. retreat was only a preliminary to a more vigorous
p. 11, Philipp. i. p. 50.) effort. He shortly returned with augmented forces,
From this point there is for some time a pause ostentatiously assuming the character of champion
in the active operations of Philip. He employed of the Delphic god and avenger of sacrilege, and
it, no doubt, in carefully watching events, the making his soldiers wear crowns of laurel. One
course of which, as for instance the Social war battle, in which the Phocians were defeated and
(a. c. 357-355), was of itself tending towards the Onomarchus himself was slain, gave Philip the asaccomplishment of his ambitious designs. And so cendancy in Thessaly. He established at Pherae
well had he disguised these, that although exas- what he wished the Greeks to consider a free goperation against him had been excited at Athens, vernment, but he took and garrisoned Magnesia,
no suspicion of them, no apprehension of real and then advanced southward to Thermopylae.
danger appears to have been felt there; and even The pass, however, he found guarded by a strong
Demosthenes, in his speech against war with Per- Athenian force, and he was compelled, or at least
sia (7repL ovupuopLCv), delivered in B. c. 354, as thought it expedient to retire, a step by which inalso in that for the Megalopolitans (B. c. 353), deed he had nothing to lose and much to gain, since
makes no mention at all of the Macedonian power the Greek states were unconsciously playing into his
or projects (comp. Dem. Psilfpp. iii. p. 117; Clint. hands by a war in which they were weakening
F. II. vol. ii. sub annis 353, 341.) In B. c. 354, one another, and he had other plans to prosecute in
the application made to Philip by Callias, the the North. But while he withdrew his army from
Chalcidian, for aid against Plutarchus, tyrant Greece, he took care that the Athenians should
of Eretria, gave him an opportunity, which he suffer annoyance from his fleet. With thisLemnos
did not neglect, of interposing in the affairs of and Imbros were attacked, and some of the inhaEuboea, and quietly laying the foundation of a bitants were carried off as prisoners, several Athestrong Macedonian party in the island. [CALLIAS, nian ships with valuable cargoes were taken near
No. 4.] Geraestus, and the Paralus was captured in the bay
But there was another and a nearer object to of Marathon. These events are mentioned by
which the views of Philip were directed,- viz. Demosthenes, in his first Philippic (p. 49, ad fin.),
ascendancy in Thrace, and especially the mastery delivered in B. c. 352, but are referred to the period
of the Chersonesus, which had been ceded to the immediately following the fall of Olynthus, B. c.
Athenians by CERSOBLEPTES, and the possession 347, by those who consider the latter portion of
of which would be of the utmost importance to the the speech in question as a distinct oration of later
Macedonian ling in his struggle with Athens, date [DEMoSTHENES]. It was to the affairs of
even if we doubt whether he had yet looked be- Thrace that Philip now directed his operations. As
yond to a wider field of conquest in Asia. It was the ally of Amadocus against Cersobleptes (Theothen perhaps in B. c. 353, that he marched as far pomp. ap. IalspOCr. s..'Ayd'3otcos), he marched
westward as Maroneia, where Cersobleptes opened into the country, established his ascendancy there,
a negotiation with him for a joint invasion of the and brought away one of the sons of the Thracian
Chersonesus,- a design which was stopped only by king as a hostage [see Vol. I. p. 674]. Meanwhile,
the refusal of Amadocus to allow Philip a passage his movements in Thessaly had opened the eyes of
through his territory. No attempt was made to Demosthenes to the real danger of Athens and
force one; and, if we are right in the conjectural Greece, and his first Philippic (delivered, as we
date assigned to the event, Philip would naturally have remarked, about this time) was his earliest
be unwilling to waste time in such a contest, when attempt to rouse his countrymen to energetic efforts'the circumstances of the Sacred War promised to against their enemy. But the half-century, which
-afford him an opportunity of gaining a sure and had elapsed since the Peloponnesian war, had
permanent footing in the very heart of Greece. worked a sad change in the Athenians, and energy
(Dem. c. Arist. p. 6831.) was no longer their characteristic. Reports of
The capture of Methone, however, was a neces- Philip's illness and death in Thrace amused and
sary preliminary to any movement towards the soothed the people, and furnished them with a welsouth, lying as it did between him and the Thes- come excuse for inaction; and, though the intellisalian border, and serving as a shelter to his gence of his having attacked Heraeum on the Proenemies, and as a station from which they could pontis excited their alarm and a momentary show
annoy him. He did not take it till after a length- of vigour, still nothing effectual was done, and
ened siege, in the course of which he himself lost throughout the greater part of B. c. 351 feebleness
an eye. The inhabitants were permitted to depart and irresolution prevailed. At some period in the
with one garment, but the town was utterly de- course of the two following years Philip would
stroyed and the land apportioned to Macedonian seem to have interposed in the affairs of Epeirus,
colonists. (Diod. xvi. 31, 34; Dem. Olynth. i. p. 12, dethroning Aryrnbas (if we may depend on the
P/ilipp. i. p. 41, iii. p. 117; Plut. Par. 8; Luc. statement of Justin, which is in some measure
de Scrib. fHist. 38.) He was now able to take ad- borne out by Demosthenes), and transferring the
vantage of the invitation of the Aleuadae to aid crown to Alexander, the brother of Olympias (Just.
them against Lycophron, the tyrant of Pherae, and vii. 6, viii. 6; Dem. Olaynth. i. p. 1 3; comp. Died.
advanced into Thessaly, B. c. 352. To support xvi. 72; Wess. adl loc.). About the same time
Lycophron, the Phocians sent Phayllus, with a also he showed at least one symptom of his desigins
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