A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

274 PHILIPPUIS. PHIILIPPUS.
the characters of its people. He was still at be satisfied with mere security, and henceforth his
Thebes, according to Diodorus, when his brother views were directed, not to defence, but to aggranPerdiccas III. was slain in battle against the Illy- disement. The recovery of the important town of
rians, in B. C. 360; and, on hearing of that event, Amphipolis, which he could never have meant sehe made his escape and returned to Macedonia. riously to abandon, was his first step in this direcBut this statement is contradicted by the evidence tion, and the way in which he accomplished it
of Speusippus (ap. Ath. xi. p. 506, f.), from whom (B. c. 358) is one of the most striking specimens
we learn that Plato, conveying the recommendation of his consummate craft. Having found pretexts
through Euphraeus of Oreus, had induced Perdiccas for war with the Amphipolitans, his policy was to
to invest Philip with a principality, which he was prevent interference with his proceedings on the
in possession of when his brother's death placed part of Athens and of Olynthus (both of which
him in the supreme government of the kingdom. states had an interest in resisting his attempt),
On this he appears to have entered at first merely and, at any rate, to keep them from uniting against
as regent and guardian to his infant nephew him. Accordingly, in a secret negotiation with
Amyntas [AMYNTAS, No. 3.]; but after no long the Athenians, he led them to believe that he was
time, probably in B. c. 359, he was enabled to set willing to restore Amphipolis to them when he
aside the claims of the young prince, and to as- had taken it, and would do so on condition of
sume for himself the title of king, - aided doubt- their making him master of Pydna [CHARIDEMUS,
less by the dangers which thickened round Mace- No. 2]. When therefore the Olynthians sent anl
donia at that crisis, and which obviously demanded embassy to Athens to propose an alliance for the
a vigorous hand to deal with them. The Illyrians, defence of Amphipolis, their overtures were reflushed with their recent victory over Perdiccas, jected (Dem. Olynteh. ii. p. 19), and while their ardour
threatened the Macedonian territory on the west, for the contest would be thus damped by the pros-the Paeonians were ravaging it on the north, — pect of engaging in it single-handed, Philip still
while PAUSANIAS and ARGAEUS took advantage more effectually secured their forbearance by surof the crisis to put forward their pretensions to the rendering to them the town of Anthemus (Dem.
throne. Philip was fully equal to the emergency. Phil. ii. p. 70). lie then pressed the siege of
By his tact and eloquence he sustained the failing Amphipolis, in the course of which an embassy,
spirits of the Macedonians, while at the same time under Hierax and Stratocles, was sent by the
he introduced among them a stricter military dis- Amphipolitans to Athens, to ask for aid; but Phicipline, and organized their army on the plan of lip rendered the application fruitless by a letter to
the phalanx; and he purchased by bribes and the Athenians, in which he repeated his former
promises the forbearance of the Paeonians, as well assurances that he would place the city in their
as of Cotys, the king of Thrace, and the chief ally hands. Freed thus from the opposition of the
of Pausanias. But the claims of Argaeus to the only two parties whom he had to dread, he gained
crown were favoured by a more formidable power, possession of Amphipolis, either by force, as Dio-the Athenians, who, with the view of recovering dorus tells us, or by treachery from within, accordAmphipolis as the price of their aid, sent a force ing to the statement of Demosthenes. I-le then
under Mantias to support him. Under these cir- proceeded at once to Pydna, which seems to have
cumstances, according to Diodorus, Philip withdrew yielded to him without a struggle, and the acquihis garrison from Amphipolis, and declared the sition of which, by his own arms, and not through
town independent,-a measure, which, if he really the Athenians, gave him a pretext for declining to
resorted to it, may account for the lukewarmness stand by his secret engagement with them. (Dem.
of the Athenians in the cause of Argaeus. Soon Olyath. p. 11, de Halognn. p. 83, c. Aristocr. p. 659,
after he defeated the pretender, and having made c. Lept. p. 476; Diod. xvi. 8.) The hostile feeling
prisoners of some Athenian citizens in the battle, which such conduct necessarily excited against
he not only released them, but supplied with va- him at Athens, made it of course still more imluable presents the losses which each had sus- portant for him to pursue his policy of dividing
tained; and this conciliatory step was followed by those whose union might be formidable, and of
an embassy offering to renew the alliance which detaching Olynthus from the Athenians. Accordhad existed between.Macedonia and Athens in ingly, we find him next engaged in the siege of
the time of his father. The politic generosity Potidaea, together with the Olynthians, to whom
thus displayed by Philip, produced a most favour- he delivered up the town on its capture, while at
able impression on the Athenians, and peace was the same time he took care to treat the Athenian
concluded between the parties after midsummer of garrison with the most conciliatory kindness, and
B. C. 359, no express mention, as far as appears, sent them home in safety. According to Plutarch
being made of Amphipolis in the treaty. Being (Alex. 3), Philip had just taken Potidaea when
thus delivered from his most powerful enemy, tidings of three prosperous events reached him at
Philip turned his arms against the Paeonians, once;- these were, a victory in a horse-race at the
taking advantage of the death of their king, Agis, Olympic gar.es, - the defeat by Parmienion of the
just at this juncture, and reduced them to subjec- Illyrians, who were leagued with the Paeoniains
tion. He then attacked the Illyrians with a large and Thracians against the Macedonian power,army, and having defeated them in a decisive and the birth of Alexander; and; if we combine
battle, he granted them peace on condition of their Plutarch's statement with the chronology of Dioaccepting the lake of Lychnus as their eastern dorus (xvi. 22), we must place the capture of
boundary towards Macedonia. [BARDYLIS.] Potidaea in B. c. 356. Soon after this success,
Thus in the short period of one year, and at the whenever it may have occurred, he attacked and
age of four-and-twenty, had Philip delivered him- took a settlement of the Thasians, called Crenides
self from his dangerous and embarrassing position, from the springs (cKpYat) with which it abounded,
and provided for the security of his kingdom. But and, having introduced into the place a number of
ellergy and talents such as his could not, of course, new colonists, he named it Philippi after himself.