A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

272 PHILIPPUS. PHILIPPUS,
he can scarcely on chronological grounds be the gularly imperfect, for the history of Herodian ends
same with the following. with the death of Balbinus and Pupienus, and the
27. One of the friends and ministers of Antio- Augustan history here presents a blank, indicate
chus Epiphanes, king of Syria, who was appointed that the emperor was employed for two or three years
by him on his deathbed (B.c. 164) to be the in prosecuting a successful war against the Carpi, a
guardian of his son Antiochus V. He returned Scythian or Gothic tribe, bordering on the Lower
to Syria, bearing with himn the signet ring of the Danube, thus gaining for himself and son the titles of
deceased monarch, and assumed the government Germanicuslaxitmus and Caspicus iaxzimus, which
during the absence of the young king and Lysias appear on coins and public monuments. In 248,
(who had been previously appointed regent) in rebellions, headed by Iotapinus and Marinus [IoJudaea. But on receiving the intelligence Lysias TAPINUS; MARINUS], broke out simultaneously in
hastened to make peace with Judas Maccabaeus, the East and in Moesia. Both pretenders speedily
and returned to oppose Philip, whom he defeated perished, but Decius [DEcIus] having been desand put to death. (Joseph. Ant. xii. 9. ~~ 2, patched to recall the legions on the Danube to their
6, 7.) [E. H. B.] duty, was himself forcibly invested with the purple
PIIILIPPUS, an architect, entitled maximus by the troops, and compelled by them to march
on his epitaph, which was found at Nimes. Whether upon Italy. Philippus having gone forth to enhe was the architect of any of the great Roman counter his rival, was slain near Verona either in
works which still adorn that city, such as the battle (Aur. Vict. de Caes. xxviii.; Zosim. i. 23)
ilaison carree and the amphitheatre, is a matter of or by his own soldiers (Aur. Vict. Epit. xxviii.;
pure conjecture. (Gruter, p. dcxxiii. 5.) [P. S.] Eutrop. ix. 3) and although it does not appear that
PHILIPPUS, AURE'LIUS, the teacher of he had rendered himself odious by any tyrannical
Alexander Severus, afterwards wrote the life of abuse of power, yet the recollection of the foul arts
tlhis emperor. (Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 3.) by which he had accomplished the ruin of his much
PHILIPPUS (',lAmr7ros), son of HEROD the loved predecessor, caused his downfal to be hailed
Great, king of Judaea, by his wife Cleopatra, was with delight. If we can trust the Alexandrian
appointed by his father's will tetrarch of the dis- chronicle, he was only forty-five years old at the
tricts of Gaulonitis, Trachonitis,- and Batanaea, the period of his death.
sovereignty of which was confirmed to him by the The great domestic event of the reign was the
decision of Augustus. He continued to reign over exhibition of the secular games, which were celethe dominions thus entrusted to his charge for the brated with even more than the ordinary degree of
space of thirty-seven years (B. c. 4 - A. D. 34), a enthusiasm and splendour, since the imperial city
period of uniform tranquillity, during which his had now, according to the received tradition, atmild and equitable rule made him universally be- tained the thousandth year of her existence. The
loved by his subjects. He founded the city of disputes and mistakes of chronologers with regard
Caesareia, surnamed Paneas, but more commonly to the epoch in question can, in the present inknown as Caesareia Philippi, near the sources of stance, be satisfactorily decided and corrected by
the Jordan, which he named in honour of Au- the unquestionable testimony of medals, from which
gustus, while he bestowed the name of Julias upon we learn that the festival was held in the third
the town of Beths:ida, which he had greatly consulship of Philippus, that is, in the year A.D.
enlarged and embellished. Among other edifices 248; but unless we could ascertain the month, it is
he erected there a magnificent monument, in which impossible to determine whether the solemnities
his remains were deposited after his death. As he were performed while the tenth century was yet
left no children, his dominions were after his de- current or after it was fully completed.
cease annexed to the Roman province of Syria. Mlany writers have maintained that Philippus
(Joseph. Ant. xvii. 8. ~ 1, xviii. 2. ~ 1, 4. ~ 6, was a Christian; a position which has given rise
B. J. i. 33. ~ 8, ii. 6. ~ 3.) This Philip must not to an animated controversy. It is evident from
be confounded with Herod surnamed Philip, who several passages in Eusebius, that such ani opinion
was the son of Herod the Great by Mariamne was prevalent in his day, but the bishop of Caesa[HERODES PHILIPPUS]. [E. II. B.] reia abstains from expressing his own sentiments
PHILIPPUS I., M. JU'LIUS, Roman em- with regard to its truth, except in so far as he reperor A. D. 244-249, was an Arabian by birth, a marks that the persecution of Decius arose fromn
native of Trachonitis, according to Victor; of the the hatred entertained by that prince towards his
colony of Bostra, according to Zonaras. Of his predecessor, and makes mention of certain letters
early history we know nothing, except that he is addressed by Origen to Philippus and the empress,
said to have been the son of a celebrated robber without calling in question their authenticity.
captain, and we are equally ignorant of the various HIieronlymus again broadly asserts the fact, as do
steps in his military career. Upon the death of Vincentius Lirinensis and Orosius, who are folthe excellent Misitheus [MISITHRUS; GORDIAN tS lowed by many later authorities. It is certain,
III.], during the Persian campaign of the third moreover, that a report gained general credit in the
Gordian, Philippus was at once promoted to the following century, that this emperor was not only
vacant office of praetorianl praefect. The treach- a true believer, but actually performed a public
erous arts by which he procured the ruin of the penance, imposed, as has been inferred from a pasyoung prince his master, and his own elevation to sage in St. Chrysostom, by St. Babylas, bishop of
the throne, are detailed elsewhere [GoaDrANus Antioch. On the other hand, we are reminded that
III.]. The senate having ratified the choice of the he bestowed the title of divus upoin Gordian, that,
troops, the new sovereign proclaimed his son Caesar, fair from making any attempt to repress the rites of
concluded a disgraceful peace with Sapor, founded pagan worship, he took an active part in all the
thecityof Philippopolis, and then returned to Rome. superstitious observances of the secular games, that
These events took place in the early part of A. D. he bestowed no marks of favour or encouragement,
244. Tlhe annals of this period, which are sin- beyond simple toleration, oni the professors of the