A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

PI ERECRATES. PI ERECRATES. 257
which were ascribed to Orpheus, Musaeus, and (what Aristotle calls 11 la/CA~LK?) i6a), and conthe other mythological bards. Melampus, for ex- structed their comedies on the basis of a regular
ample, quotes from her in his book 7repi 7raXrcuv plot, and with more dramatic action.* Pherecrates
(Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i. p. 116); and Pliny did not, however, abstain altogether'from personal
quotes from her respecting eagles and hawks, satire, for we see by the fragments of his plays that
evidently from some book of augury, and perhaps he attacked Alcibiades, the tragic poet Melanthius,
from a work which is still extant in MS., entitled and others (Ath. viii. p. 343, c., xii. p. 538, b.;
Orneosophium (Plin. H. N. x. 3, 8. s. 9; Fabric. Phot. Lex. p. 626, 10). But still, as the fragments
Bibl. Graec. vol. i. pp. 210, 211; Olearii, Dissert. also show, his chief characteristics were, ingenuity
de Poetriis Graecis, Hamb. 1734, 4to.). There is in his plots and elegance in diction: hence he is
an epigram of Antipater of Thessalonica, alluding called'A"rrKcjiraros (Ath. vi. p. 268, e; Steph.
to a statue of Phemonoe, dressed ill a cpapos. Byz. p. 43; Suid. s.v.'AOrlvaia). His language
(Brunck, fAnal. vol. ii,. 114, No. 22; Anth. Pal. is not, however, so severely pure as that of Arisvi. 208.) [P. S.] tophanes and other comic poets of the age, as
PHENEUS (4,eeos's). 1. An Arcadian au- Meineke shows by several examples.
tochthon, is said to have founded the town of Of the invention of the new metre, which was
Pheneos in Arcadia. (Paus. viii. 14. ~ 4.) named, after him, the Pherecratean, he himself
2. A son of Melas, was slain by Tydeus (Apollod. boasts in the following lines (ap. Hfephaest. x. 5,
i. 8. ~ 5). [L. S.] xv. 15, Schol in Ar. VNub. 563): —
PHERAEA (4'epa[a). 1. A surname of Artemis Ivtpes, -7rpJ~xese ro voU
at Pherae in Thessaly, at Argos and Sicyon, where EVupWLXarL KC5Ltv
she had temples. (Callim. Hlymn. in Dian. 259; avutrUtcKo5i dvayraiaTots.
Paus. ii. 10. ~ 6, 23. ~ 5.)
2. A surname of Hecate, because she was a The system of the verse, as shown in the above exdaughter of Zeus and Pheraea, the daughter of ample, is
Aeolus, or because she had been brought up by the,,, /
shepherds of Pheres, or because she was worshipped - - - -
at Pherae. (Tzetz. ad Lye. 1180; Spanheim, ad which may be best explained as a choriambus,
Callirn. 1. c.) [L. S.] with a spondee for its base, and a long syllable for
PHERAULAS (4epau'as), is introduced by its termination. Pherecrates himself seems to call
Xenophon, in the Cyropaedeia, as a Persian of it an anapaestic metre; and it might be scanned
humble birth, but a favourite with Cyrus, and dis- as such: but he probably only means that he used
tinguished by qualities of body and mind which it ill the parabases, which were often called ancawould not have dishonoured the noblest rank. He paests, because they were originally in the anacomes before us in particular as the hero of a paestic metre (in fact we hold the anapaestic verse
graphic scene, exhibiting a disregard of wealth, to be, in its origin, choriambic). Hephaestion exsuch as is usually called romantic. (Xen. Cyrop. ii. plains the metre as an hephlthemimizeral antispastic,
3. ~~ 7, &c., viii. 3). [E. E.] or, in other words, an antispastic dimeter cataleclic
PHERECLUS (,DpeKEos), a son of Harmonides, (Hephaest. ll. cc.; comp. Gaisford's Notes). The
is said to have built the ship in which Paris carried metre is very frequent in the choruses of the Greet,
off Helen, and to have been slain in the Trojan tragedians, and in Horace, as, for example,
war by Meriones. (Hom. II. v. 59, &c.; Plut.to P s ro
ies. 17.) [L. S.] Grato Pyrrrha sub antro.
Thee. 17.) [L. S.]
PHERE'CRATES (,epecpaT7prs), of Athens, There is a slight difference in the statements rewas one of the best poets of the Old Comedy (An'n. specting the number of his plays. The Anonymous
de Corn. p. xxviii.). He was contemporary with writer on comedy says eighteen, Suidas and Euthe comic poets Cratinus, Crates, Eupolis, Plato, docia sixteen. The extant titles, when properly
and Aristophanes (Suid. s. v. IIAadr'w), being some- sifted, are reduced to eighteen, of which some are
what younger than the first two, and somewhat doubtful. The number to which Meineke reduces
older than the others. One of the most important them is fifteen, namely,'A-/proL. AuvTe'JAooL, rpasE,
testimonies respecting him is evidently corrupted, AoeAot1adorKaXos,'Ev7riAs07ew v iq' OcarArTa,'I7revs
but can be ranended very well; it is as follows H IIarvXs Yr Koptamvvc, Kpa7ra'TaAor, Arpoi, Mup(Anon. de Cnts. p. XXix): —,epeKcpKd77s'AOlYaos jltcdavpw7rol, rITlEAs7, Tupavmis, ervlvrpanch7js. Of
V, &er6rl aearpoVu -ty'S1e'oET, 6 se VmroKcpr7T7s EjOAwtce these the most interesting is the'Ayplor, on account
Kpa'T'r7Ta. Kal an TroO guEv AoLopeYV an drErl, 7rpay- of the reference to it in Plato's I'rottyqosrs (p. 327,
i/ara Be eier`lyoeixEVros Kacva s-rqoKL'eI -yeVoy'evYos d.), which has given rise to much discussion.
cVpe'ruLos 50nowr. Dobree corrects the passage thus: Heinrichs has endeavoured to show that the subject
-,b. A. rKa &rl OEnnsobPOU,?yeVo'lAEVos i cvroTKPL7r1s of the play related to those corruptions of the art
iEtAcWKE Kpad'rlTa, K.T.A.h; and his enlendation is of music of which the comic poets so frequently
approved by Meineke and others of our best critical complain, and that one of the principal performers
scholars. From the passage, thus read, we learn was the Centaur Cheiron, who expounded the laws
that Pherecrates gained his first victory in the of tire ancient nmusic to a chorus of wild meen
archonship of Theodorus, B. c. 438; and that he (,yprtot), that is, either Centaurs or Satyrs; and he
imitated the style of Crates, whose actor he had
been. From the latter part of the quotation, and * Dindorf reads Virin7rcKpos for ii7rOKplrl"S in the
firom an important passage ill Aristotle (PoUt. 5), above passage. This makes no real difference ill
we see what was the character of the alteration in the meaning, except with reference to Pherecrates
comedy, commenced by Crates, and carried on by having been an actor for Crates. The correction
Pherecrates; namely, that they very much modified seems arbitrary, and moreover unnecessary, as it
the coarse satire and vituperation of which this expresses somewhat obscurely what is clearly stated
sort of poetry had previously been the vehicle in the next clause.
VOL. L.