A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

PHEIDIPPIDES. PHEIDON. 255
unanimous. It is superfluous to quote those tes- Athenians why they paid him no worship, though
tilnonies, which will be found in the works already he had been hitherto their friend, and ever would
referred to, and in the other standard writings be so. In consequence of this revelation, they deupon ancient art, and which may be summed up in dicated a temple to Pan, after the battle of Marathe declaration of Welcker, that " the British thon, and honoured him thenceforth with annual
Museum possesses in the works of Pheidias a trea- sacrifices and a torch-race (Herod. v. 105, 106;
sure with which nothing can be compared in the Paus. i. 28, viii. 54; Corn. Nep. ll/ilt. 4; Diet. of
whole range of ancient art" (Class. llus. vol. ii. Ant. s. v. Lampadephloria). In Pausanias and Corp. 368); but it is of importance to refer to Cicero's nelius Nepos the form of the name is Philippides,
recognition of the ideal character of the works of which we also find as a various reading in HeroPheidias (Orat. 2): —" Itaque et Phidiae simulacris, dotus. [E. E.]
quibus nihil i illo genere perfectius vidermus, et his PIIEIDIPPUS (IPEil~LrSrros), a son of Thessalus,
picturis, quas nominavi, cogitare taunen)possumus pul- the Heracleid, and brother of Antiphos, led the
chriora. Nec vero ille artifex, qulm faceret Joris for- warriors of the Sporades in thirty ships against
maem, aut Mlinervae, contenzplabatur aliquem, e quo Troy. (Hom. II. ii. 678; Strab. x. p. 444.) [L. S.]
similitudinzei duceret; sed ipsius in nzente insidebat PHEIDIPPUS, a vase-painter, whose name
species pulchritudinis exinia quaedaou, quaam intuens appears on a vase in the Canino collection. (R. Roin1 eaque defirus, ad illius sinoilitudizenz art/ezs et ma- chette, Lettroe ac ii. Schorn, p. 55, 2nd ed.) [P. S.]
oum dirigebat." It was the universal judgment of PHEIDON (IelSowv). 1. Son of Aristodamidas,
antiquity that no improvement could be made on and kilng of Argos, was the tenth, according to
his models of divinities. (Quintil. xii. 10. ~ 3.) Ephorus, but, according to Theopompus, the sixth
It is sometimes mentioned, as a proof of Pheidias's ill lineal descent from Temenus, Temenus himself
perfect knowledge of his art, that in his colossal being reckoned as the fifth from Hercules. Harving
statues he purposely altered the right proportions, broken through the limits which had been placed
making the upper parts unnaturally large, in order on the authority of his predecessors, Pheidon
to compensate for their diminution in perspective. changed the government of Argos to a despotism.
This notion, however, which is derived fronm a pas- He then restored her supremacy over Cleonae,
sage in Plato (Sophist. p. 235, f.; comp. Tzetz. Phlius, Sicyon, Epidaurus, Troezen, and Aegina,
C/lil. xi. 381), does not seem to be sufficiently well the cities of her confederacy, " which had before
founded; all that we know of the ancient colossal been so nearly dissolved as to leave all the memstatues leads rather to the idea that the parts were bers practically independent." And this, as Mr.
all in due proportion, and that the breadth and Grote observes, is the meaning of what Ephorus
boldness of the masses secured the proper impression tells us in mythical language, that Pheidon reco.
on the eye of the spectator. As a proof of Pheidias's vered " the whole lot of Temenlus " (T-r Xls,~Ly OX'7V,
knowledge of the anatomical department of his ro)s TapUvov), after it had been torn asunder into
art, it is affirmed by Lucian that from the claw of several parts. He appears next to have attacked
a lion he calculated the size of the whole animal. Corinth, and to have succeeded in reducing it under
(Ilern1otim. 54, vol. i. 795.) his dominion. Not content however with this,
The chief modern authorities on the subject, in and wishing to render his power there more secure,
addition to the histories of art by Winckelmann, lie sent to require of the Corinthians, for military
Meyer, Miiller, Hirt, Kugler, &c., are the follow- service, 1000 of their most warlike citizens, ining:-Miiller, de Phiclicae Vita et Operibtl s Cosn- tending to make awvay with them; but Abron,
snentationes tres, Gotting. 1827; David, in the one of Pheidon's friends, frustrated the design by
Biogvrophie Universelle; VSlkel, Uetber den grossen revealing it to Dexander, who had been -appointed
Teonpel und die Statue des Jupiter zu Olymlpia, Leipz. to command the body of men in question. We
1794; Siebenkees, Ueber den Teinpel und die Bild- hear further, that Pheidon, putting forward the
saiule des Jupiter zu Olynpica, Niirnb. 1795; Qua- title of his legendary descent, aimed at the extentremere de Quincy, Jupiter Olpyspien, d-c.; Schorn, sion of his supremacy over all the cities which
Ueber die Studien der Griechischen Kiinstler; Preller, Hercules had ever taken,-a claim that reached to
in Ersch and Gruber's Encykilophdie. the greater part of the Peloponnesus. It seems to
2. A son of the great Pheidias, made, with his have been partly as the holder of such supremacy,
brother Ammonius, the colossal statue of a sitting and partly as the representative of Hercules by
ape, of a sort of basalt, which is at Rome, in the lineal descent, that the Pisans invited him, in the
Capitoline Museum. On the base is the inscription 8th Olympiad, to aid them in excluding the Eleians
PIAIAC KAI AMMONIOC AMbOTEPOI from their usurped presidency at the Olympic
PIAIOT EIIOIOTN. galnes, and to celebrate them jointly with themselves. The invitation quite fell in with the am(Winckelmann, lEerke, vol. v. pp. 275, foll. vol. bitious pretensions of Pheidon, who succeeded in
vii. p. 248.) [P. S.] dispossessing the Eleians; but the latter, not long
PHEIDI'PPIDES (4IeLr7rir71ss), a courier, was after, defeated him, with the aid of Sparta, and resent by the Athenians to Sparta in B. c. 490, to covered their privilege. Thus apparently fell the
ask for aid against the Persians, and arrived there power of Pheidon; but as to the details of the
on the second day from his leaving Athens. The struggle we have no information. He did not fall,
Spartans declared that they were willing to give however, without leaving some very striking anld
the required help, but unable to do so immediately, permanent traces of his influence upon Greece. It
as religious scruples prevented their marching from may have been, as bishop Thirlwall suggests, in
home before the full moon (see Diet. of Ant. s. v. prosecution of his vast plans, that he furnished his
Carneia). On the return of Pheidippides to brother CARANUS with the means of founding a
Athens, he related that, on his way to Sparta, he little kingdom, which became the core of the Mahad fallen in with Pan, on Mount Parthenium, cedonian monarchy. And a more undoubted and
near Tegea, and that the god had bid him ask the memorable act of his was his introduction of coppel