A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

242 PHARNASPES. PHAYLLUS.
For some time Pharnaces appears to have re- sandane, a favourite wife of Cyrus the Great.
mained contented with the limits thus assigned (Her. ii. 1, iii. 2.) [E. E.]
him; and we know no events of his reign during PHARNU'CHUS or PHARNU'CHES (,apthis period, except that he entered into extensive sovexos, aPapo6eX'q). 1. An officer of Cyrus the
relations, both hostile and friendly, with the sur- Elder, and one of the chiliarchs of his cavalry in
rounding Scythian tribes. (Strab. xi. p. 495, the war with Croesus. After the conquest of
506.) But the increasing dissensions among the Babylon he was made satrap of the Ilellespontine
Romans themselves emboldened him to turn his Phrygia and Aeolis. (Xen. Cyrop. vi. 3. ~ 32,
arms against the free city of Planagoria, which vii. 1. ~ 22, viii. 6. ~ 7.)
had been expressly excepted from the grant of 2. One of the three commanders of the cavalry
Pompey, but whichl he now reduced under his in the army of Xerxes. A fall from his horse brought
subjection. Not long afterwards, the civil war on an illness, which prevented him from proceeding
having actually broken out between Caesar and with the expedition into Greece, and obliged him
Pompey, he determinsd to seize the opportunity to to remain behind at Sardis. By his order the horse's
reinstate himself in his father's dominions, and legs were cut off at the knees on the spot where he
made himself master, almost without opposition, of had thrown his master (Herod. vii. 88). The name
the whole of Colchis and the lesser Armenia. Pharnuchus occurs also as that of a Persian comHereupon Deiotarus, the king of the latter country, mander in the Persae of Aeschylus (305, 928).
applied to Domitius Calvinus, the lieutenant of 3. A Lycian, was appointed by Alexander the
Caesar in Asia, for his support, which was readily Great to command the force sent into Sogdiana
granted; but the combined forces of the Roman against Spitamenes in B. c. 329. The result of the
general and the Galatian king were totally de- expedition was disastrous. [CARANUS, No. 3.]
feated by Pharnaces near Nicopolis in Armenia, Pharnuches had been entrusted with its superinand the latter was now enabled to occupy the tendence, because lie was acquainted with the lanwhole of Pontus, including the important cities of guage of the barbarians of the region, and had
Amisus and Sinope. (Appian. Mithr. 120; Dion shown much dexterity in his intercourse with them.
Cass. xiii. 45, 46; Hirt. B. Alex. 3 —41; Strab. According to Aristobulus he was conscious of his
xii. p. 547.) He now received intelligence of the deficiency in military skill, and wished to cede the
revolt of Asander, to whom he had entrusted the command to the three Macedonian officers who
government of Bosporus during his absence, and were acting under him, but they refused to accept
was preparing to return to chastise his rebel it. (Arr. A b. iv. 3, 5, 6; Curt. vii. 6,7.) [E. E.]
officer, when the approach of Caesar himself com. PHARNU'CHIJS (,Fapvo0Xos), an historian
pelled him to turn all his attention towards a more of uncertain date, who wrote a history of Persia.
formidable enemy. Pharnaces at first endeavoured He was a native of Antioch in Mesopotamia, and,
to conciliate the conqueror by peaceful messages and as this town was called Asibe or Nasibe by its inoffers of submission, with the view of gaining time habitants, Pharnuchus received the name of Asiuntil the affairs of Rome should compel the dictator benus or Nasibenus. (Steph. Byz. s. v.'Asld0XEsa;
to return thither. But the rapidity and decision Voss. de Ilist. Graec. p. 483, ed. Westermann;
of Caesar's movements quickly disconcerted these comp. Fabr. Bibl. Graec. vol. iii. p. 540.) [E. E.]
plans, and brought on a decisive action near Zela, PHARUS (,dipos), the helmsman of Menelaus,
in which the army of Pharnaces was utterly de- from whom the island of Pharos, at the mouth of
feated, and he himself with difficulty made his the Nile, was believed to have derived its name.
escape with a small body of horsemen to Sinope. (Steph. Byz. s. v. 4mdpos.) [L. S.]
From thence he proceeded by sea to the Bos- PHARYGAEA (,IapvuyaLa), a surname of Hera,
porus, where he assembled a force of Scythian and derived from the town of Pharygae, in Lociis,
Sarmatian troops, with which he regained posses- where she had a temple. (Steph. Byz. s. v. 4'at)'sion of the cities of Theodosia and Panlticapaeum, yat; comp. Strab. ix. p. 426.) [L. S.]
but was ultimately defeated and slain by Asander. PHASELITES. [THEODECTES.]
According to Appian, he died in the field fighting PHASIS (oa-ls), a painter, who is only known
bravely; Dion Cassius, on the contrary, states by an epigram of Cornelius Longinus, in which he
that he was taken prisoner, and subsequently put is praised for having painted the great Athenian
to death. (Appian, Mlithr. 120; Dion Cass. xlii. general Cynegeirus, not, as he was usually repre45-48; Hirt. Bell. Alex. 65-77; Plut. Caes. sented, with one hand cut off (see Herod. vi. 114),
50; Suet. Jul. 35.) but with both his hands still unmutilated; it being
Pharnaces was about fifty years old at the time but fair, according to the conceit of the epigramof his death (Appian, 1. c.), of which he had matist, that the hero should not be deprived of
reigned nearly sixteen. It appears that he left those hands which had won him immortal fame!
several sons, one of whom, named Dareits, was (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 200, Alnth. Plmn. iv. 117.)
for a short time established by Antony on the We have no indication of the painter's age; he
throne of Pontlus. (Appian, B. C. v. 75; Strab. was perhaps contemporary with the poet. [P.S.]
xii. p. 560.) His daughter Dynamis was married PHAVORI'NUS. [FAvoRINvs.]
to Polemon I. king of Bosporus. (Dion Cass. liv. PHAYLLUS (ba'UiAAos). 1. An athlete of
24.) [E. H. B.] Crotona, who had thrice gained the victory at
PHA'RN ACES, an engraver of precious stones, the Pythian games. At the time of the Persian
two of whose gems are extant. (Stosch, pl. 50; invasion of Greece, Phayllus fitted out a ship at his
Bracci, vol. ii. No. 93; Spilbzlury Geems, No. 11; own expense, with which -he joined the Greek
J. C. de Jonge, Notice sur le lCabinet des Medailles fleet assembled at Salamis, and took part in the
dc. du Roi des Prays Bas, 1823.) [P. S.] memorable battle that ensued, B. c. 4810. This
PHARNAPATES. [ARSACES, p. 357, b.] was the only assistance furnished by the Greelks of
PHARNASPES (4apvYa7rr-s), a Persian, of the Italy or Sicily to their countrymen upon that occafamily of the Achaemenidae, was the father of Cas- sion. (Herod. viii. 47; Pans. x. 9. ~ 2; Plut.