A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

XENOPHON. XENOPHON. 1303
little correction and modification, to allow us to bability the author of a 7repbrxovs, mentioned by
describe it as a profound conviction that God, in Pliny (vii. 48; colnp. Voss. de Hist. Gr. p. 510,
the constitution of things, has given a moral govern- note 34).
ment to the world, as manifestly as he has given 4. A native of Antioch, the author of an amalaws for the mechanical and chemical actions of tory narrative, or collection of narratives, entitled
matter, the organisation of plants and animals, and BaCvwvucid. (Suid. s. v.)
the vital energies of all beings which live and move. 5. A native of Ephesus, the author of a romance,
There are numerous editions of the whole and still extant, entitled Ephesiaca, or the Loves of
of the separate works of Xenophon. The Helle- Anthia and Abrocomas ('EpeoIalca, 7a KeaTa'A,nica, the first of Xenophon's works that appeared b0la' mal'ACpoKeJVry). The style of the work is
in type, was printed at Venice, 1503, fol. by the simple, and the story is conducted without confuelder Aldus, with the title of Paraliponmena, and sion, notwithstanding the number of personages inas a supplement to Thucydides, which was printed troduced. The adventures are of a very improbable
the year before. The first general edition is that of kind. Suidas is the only ancient writer who menE. Boninus, printed by P. Giunta, and dedicated to tions Xenophon. The age when he lived is unLeo X., Florence, 1516, fol.; but this edition does certain. Locella assigns him to the age of the
not contain the Agesilaus, the Apology, and the Antonines. Peerlkamp regards him as the oldest
treatise on the Revenue of Athens. A part of the of the Greek romance writers, and thinks that he
treatise on the Athenian Commonwealth is also has discovered in other writers of this class traces
wanting. This edition of Giunta is a very good of an imitation of Xenophon. He also maintains
specimen of early printing, and useful to an editor that Xenophon was not the real name of the author,
of Xenophon. The edition by Andrea of Asola, and that, with the exception of Heliodorus, no
printed by Aldus at Venice, 1525, folio, contains Greek romance writer published his productions
all the works of Xenophon, except the Apology; under his real name.
though the Apology was already edited by J. Since Suidas, Angelus Politianus (in the 15th
Reuchlin, Hagenau, 1520, 4to., with the Agesilaus century) was the first writer who mentioned the
and Hiero. The Basel edition, printed by N. Bry- E)hesiaca of Xenophon. But although he had
linger, 1545, fol. is the first edition of the Greek quoted a passage from the work, its existence was
text with a Latin translation. The edition of H. doubted or denied by several scholars of the 17th
Stephens, 1561, fol., contains an amended text, century. Even after an Italian translation by A.
and the edition of 1581 has a Latin version. The M. Salvini had been published (in 1723), and the
edition of Weiske, Leipzig, 1798-1804, 6 vols. Greek text had been printed in 1726, Lenglet du
8vo., did something towards the improvement of Fresnoy, in 1734, denied the existence of the
the text. The most pretending edition is that of original.
Gail, Paris, 6 vols. 4to. 1797-1804; a seventh There is but a single manuscript of the work
volume, in three parts, published afterwards, con- known (in the monastery of the Monte Cassino).
tains the various readings of three MSS., notices The Greek text was first published by Ant. Cocchi,
on the MSS. and observations, literary and critical, with a Latin translation (London, 1726). This
and an Atlas of maps and plans. This edition edition contains numerous errors. A still worse
contains the Greek text, the Latin version, a French edition was published at Lucca (1781), containing,
version and notes; the Latin version is that of besides the Latin translation of Cocchi, the Italian
Leunclavius, occasionally corrected; and the French version of Salvini, and the French version of
is not entirely new, for the author took the French Jourdan. Xenophon was still more unfortunate in
versions already existing of various parts of Xeno- his next editor, Polyzois Kontu (Vienna, 1793),
phon's works. Letronne, in his article on Xenophon A very excellent and carefully prepared edition
(Biog. Univ.), has given an account of this pompous was published by Baron de Locella (Vienna, 1796).
edition, which has very little merit. J. G. Schneider He procured a fresh collation of the manuscript,
revised the edition of Zeune, and the various parts and availed himself of the critical remarks of
of the works of Xenophon appeared between 1791 Hemsterhuis, D'Abresch, and D'Orville (Misceland 1815. The editions of the several works are laneae Observationes, vols. iii.-vi.), and the labours
too numerous to be mentioned. of F. J. Bast, who had made preparations for editing
Fabricius (Bibliotheca Graeca), Scholl (Geschichte the work. Locella also prepared a new translation
der Griechischen Litecratur), Letronne (Biog. Univ. and a commentary. The Ephesiaca was reprinted
art. Xenophon), and Hoffmann (Lexicon Bibliogra- by C. W. Mitscherlich, in his Scriptores Erotici
phicunm) will furnish full information about the Graeci. Another good edition is that of P. Hofnumerous editions and translations. As to the mann Peerlkamp (Harlem, 1818). The most
seven Epistles attributed to Xenophon, among the recent edition is that of F. Passow (Lips. 1833, in
one and forty so-called Socratic Epistles, the same the Corpus Scriptorumz Eroticorsum Graecorum).
remark applies to them as to most of the Greek There are German translations by G. A. Burger,
literary remains of that class; they are mere rhe- Hiiuslin, E. C. Reiske (or rather his wife), in his
torical essays. [G. L.] collections entitled ZurMoral (Dessanu and Leipzig,
XE'NOPHON (e~ivopc$v), minor literary per- 1782, and Hlellas, Leipzig, 1791), and Krabinger,
sons. 1. An Athenian, the brother of the poet besides one that appeared anonymously. In French
Pythostratus. He wrote a biography of Epami- there are translations by P. Bauche (Paris, 1736).
nondas and Pelopidas, and some other works. and J. B. Jourdan (Paris, 1748). A translation of
(Diog. Lairt. ii. 59.) the Ephesiaea also forms the seventh volume of the
2. An historical writer, the author of an account Bibliothqgzle des Ronzans traduits du Grec (Paris,
of Hannibal (ibid.). 1797). An anonymous translation, with notes,
3. A native of Lampsacus, a writer on geo- was published at Paris in 1823. The Italian
graphy, mentioned by Pliny (H. N. iv. 13, vi. 31) translation of Salvini has several times been re.
and Solinus (c. 22, 60). He was also in all pro- published. There is also an Eniglish translation by
4o 4