A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

XENOPHON. XENONPHON. 1301
a perishable body, and that it dies when it is re- of Athens" was translated into English by James
leased from it." The argument of Xenophon Morris, 1794, 8vo.
bears some resemblance to the argument of Bishop A treatise on the Revenues of Athens (nJpoi J
Butler, in his Analogy, where he treats of a future 7repl lpososawv) is designed to show how the
life (chap. i.). There is an English translation of public revenue of Athens may be improved: it
the Cyropaedia, by Maurice Ashley Cowper. treats of the mode of increasing the number of reThe Agesilaus ('AyviXAaos) is a panegyric on sident strangers (/'7rotco), by improving their
Agesilaus II., king of Sparta, the friend of Xe- condition at Athens, which improvement would
nophon. That Xenophon wrote such a work is ultimately be beneficial to the revenue, and attract
proved by the list of Diogenes, and the testimony strangers; and it recommends such facilities to be
of Cicero (ad Farm. v. 12), who considers it a given to strangers trading to Athens, as would
monument more glorious than all the statues of induce them to come to a port where they were
kings. Some modern critics do not consider the not compelled, as in many ports, to take merextant work as deserving of high praise, to which chandise, for want of a good current coin, but
it may be replied, that it will be difficult to find a where they could take silver as a commodity in
panegyric which is. It is a kind of composition in exchange, if they preferred it: he then proceeds to
which failure can hardly be avoided. However true discuss the mode of improving the revenue by a
it may be, it is apt to be insipid and to appear better management of the Athenian silver mines,
exaggerated. and to show that provision may thus be made for
The Hipparclicus ('ITr7rapX1Kos) is a treatise on the poorer citizens and other purposes, without
the duties of a commander of cavalry, and it con- levying contributions on tihe allies and the subject
tains many military precepts. One would be in- states. This treatise was translated into English
clined to suppose that it was written at Athens, by Walter Moyle, 1697, 8vo., and is reprinted in
but this conclusion, like many others from internal his works. Biickh, in his Public Economy of
evidence, is not satisfactory. A strain of devotion Athens, translated into English by G. C. Lewis,
runs through the treatise; and on this the author has discussed this treatise of Xenophon, and the
makes the following remark near the end: " Now matter of it.
if any one admire that I have often used the ex- In the Menmorabilia of Socrates, in four books
pression'God willing,' he must know that if he ('Arroygm7ltove,ua'a:mKp&dros) Xenophon defends
happen to be frequently in a state of danger, he the memory of his master against the charge of
will admire the less; and if he consider, that when irreligion (i. ] ) and of corrupting the Athenian
there is war, the hostile parties form their designs youth. Socrates is represented as holding a series
against one another, but very seldom know what of conversations, in which he developes and indesigns are formed against them severally. But all culcates moral doctrines in his peculiar fashion. It
these things the gods know, and presignify them is entirely a practical work, such as we might
to whom they please by means of sacrifices, birds, expect from the practical nature of Xenophon's
voices, and dreams." mind, and it professes to exhibit Socrates as he
The treatise on the Horse ('Ir7r7rKn) was written taught. It is true that it may exhibit only one
after the Iipparch7icus, to which treatise he refers side of the Socratic argumentation, and that it does
at the end of the treatise on the Horse. " Since," not deal in those subtleties and verbal disputes
says Xenophon, at the beginning of this treatise, which occupy so large a space in some of Plato's
"' it happens that I have been accustomed to riding dialogues. Xenophon was a hearer of Socrates, an
a horse for a long time, I consider that I am well admirer of his master, and anxious to defend his
acquainted with horses, and I wish to show my memory. The charges against Socrates for which
younger friends in what way I think that they he suffered were (Ment. i. 1), that "Socrates was
may best meddle in the matter of a horse." The guilty of not believing in the gods which the state
treatise is not limited to horsenmanship, as regards believed in, and in introducing other new daemons
the rider: it shows how a man is to avoid being (8ato'dvma): he was also guilty of corrupting the
cheated in buying a horse, how a horse is to be youth." Xenophon (c. 1, 2) replies to these two
trained, and the like. In the beginning of the charges specifically; and he then goes on to show
treatise Xenophon refers to a treatise on the same (c. 3) what Socrates' mode of life was. The
subject by Simon. The'I7rorcLK was translated whole treatise is intended to be an answer to the
into English, and printed by Henry Denham, charge for which Socrates was executed, and it is,
London, 1584, 4to. therefore, in its nature, not intended to be a comThe Cysnegeticus (Kumv'yeTKods) is a treatise on plete exhibition of Socrates. That it is a genuine
hunting, an amusement of which Xenophon was picture of the man, is indisputable, and it is the
very fond; and on the dog, and the breeding and most valuable memorial that we have of the practraining of dogs, on the various kinds of game, and tical philosophy of Socrates. The Me7morabilia
the mode of taking them. It is a treatise written will always be undervalued by the lovers of the
by a genuine sportsman, who loved the exercise transcendental, who give to an unintelligible jargon
and the excitement of the chase; and it may be of words the name of philosophy: it comes too
read with delight by any sportsman who deserves near the common understanding (cosnsunis sensus)
the name. of mankind to be valued by those who would raise
The two treatises on the Spartan and Athenian themselves above this common understanding, and
states (AaKEsasL4ovLo'w fIIoXLreLa, and'AO7jvalcov who have yet to learn that there is not a single
TlaeXrTEa) were not always recognised as genuine notion of philosophy which is not expressed or inworks of Xenophon, even by the ancients. They volved by implication in the common language of
pass, however, under his name, and there is nothing life. The Memorabilia and the Apology of Soin the internal evidence that appears to throw any crates ('A7rowoyta CnKCpdaTovs 7rp)' Tobs 8tKaCrTiY)
doubt on the authorship. The writer clearly prefers have been translated into English by Sarah FieldSpartan to Athenian institutions. The " Republic ing. The Apology of Socrates contains the reasons
4 o 3