A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

XENOPHANES. XENOPHON. 1297
earlier writers (Philosophie der Griechen, i. p. 134, 1813); Xenop/sane, Fondateur de l'Ecole d'Elee,
&c.), either by the erroneous superscription, which by Victor Cousin, in his Nouveaux Fragmens phiis corrected by the testimony of Simplicius, or by losophiques, p. 9, &c.; and especially Xenophanis
a proposition, which is set down as belonging to ColoapLonii Carminum Reliquiae; de TVita ejus et
Zeno, in the third section of the same book (c. 5, Studiis disseruit, Fragmenta explicavit, Placita illusp. 979. 22. b, 22), which in reality is different travit Simon Karsten, Bruxellis, 1830 (Philosofrom the doctrine ascribed to Xenophanes (p. 977, phorumn Graecorum Veterum tReliqu. vol. i. pars
b, 3, 1.3, &c. p. 979. 4), or by the dialectic de- 1). [Ch. A. B.]
velopment, with which it is pretended Xenophanes XENOPHANTUS (rvdpaveTos), a Rhodian,
cannot be accredited, or by the apparent contra- sent by the Rhodians in command of a fleet to the
diction that the Deity is represented on the one Hellespont in B. c. 220. (Polyb. iv. 50.) [C. P.M.]
hand as neither finite nor infinite, on the other XENOPHANTUS (SevdqpaeTor), artists. 1.
(p. 977, b, 1; comp. Simpl. 1. c.) as bounded and Of Athens, a maker of fictile vases, known by the
spherical; on the one hand, as neither moved nor inscription _ENO4,ANTOZ EHOIHtEN AOHN,
unmoved, on the other (fr. iv.) as freed from mo- round the neck of a pelice, found in a tomb at
tion, nor by the statement of Aristotle (Metaph. Kertch, the ancient Panticapaeum, in the Crimea,
A, 5. p. 926, b, 18) that Xenophanes had not and now in the Museum at St. Petersburg. The
decided whether he regarded the One as limited whole style of this vase is remarkable. The figures
or as unlimited. For to begin with the removal upon it are partly painted red on a black ground,
of the last difficulty, —the passage of Aristotle and partly modelled in relief in the yellowish clay
referred to only asserts that from the doctrine of of which the vessel is made, and decorated with
Xenophanes it could not be concluded with cer- colours and'gilding; a style characteristic of the
tainty whether he had conceived of the Deity as Athenian school. (R. Rochette, Lettre a.111. Schorn,
ideal or as material, and to show this, he may have p. 63, 2d ed.)
appealed to that antinomical attempt to exclude 2. A statuary, of Thasos, the son of Chares,
from the Deity the conditions of rest and motion, lived in the reign of Hadrian, and was sent by his
limitation, and infinity. To this attempt Xeno- fellow-citizens on a mission to Athens, to dedicate
phanes may have been induced by his endeavour a statue of that emperor; as we learn from an in(which exhibits itself unmistakeably in the frag- scription found at Athens, and published by Spon,
ments of his which have been preserved) to exalt Chandler, Osann, and Biickh. (Corp. Inscr. Graec.
the idea of the Deity above the region of anthro- No. 336; Welcker, Kunstblalt, 1827, No. 83; R.
pomorphic definitions. That he nevertheless found Rochette, LettrealM. Schorn,p. 428,2d ed.) [P.S.]
himself driven, in what at least seemed contradic- XENO'PHILUS (Ses-,vPAos), a Greek officer
tion to this, to describe the self-complete Divine who was in command of the citadel at Susa, and
essence as shut up in itself and motionless, ex- had charge of the treasures at the time that Antihibits a wavering, not yet thoroughly formed tone gonus marched against the city. He maintained
of thought, for which indeed Aristotle finds fault his position long and bravely, but at last went over
with him (1. c. p. 986, b, 26). We cannot admit to Antigonus. (Diod. xix. 18, 48.) [C. P. M.]
again, that no trace of the original epic style is to XENO'PHILUS, sculptor. [STRATON.]
be found in his conclusions and propositions. Such XE'NOPHON (EEYOqpcWv), historical. ]. A
expressions as Kparev a& XX~a KpaTeri0aO (p. Corinthian, the son of Thessalus. Hle was victor at
977. 27, comp. 31, 38), oTLT &Tpe/eEVT or'L icvrr-7 the Olympic games, both in the foot-race and in the
Oat (ib. 6, 16) show the contrary. pentathlum, in the 79th Olympiad. His family
While, however, Xenophanes identified the ex- belonged to the stock of the Oligaethidae, and was
istent with the Deity, and conceived of it as the basis one of the ruling families of Corinth. Pindar's
of phenomena, he could not yet, like his successor 13th Olympic Ode celebrates his double victory.
Parmenides, who proceeded in a dialectic manner, (B6ckh and Dissen on Pindar, I. c.; Diod. xi. 70;
hold the manifold, in opposition to the one existence, Paus. iv. 24. ~ 5, ed. Bekker; Athen. xiii. p.
as non-existent (comp. Arist. de Xeneoph. Wc. c. 4, 573.)
p. 977, b., 24); and -certainly his sceptical expres- 2. An Athenian, son of Euripides, was one of
sions (fr. xiv. xv.), which must have heightened the generals to whom Potidaea surrendered (Thuc.
Timon's preference for him, are not to be under- ii. 70). Later in the same year (B. c. 429) Xenostood as Sextus Empiricus (Pyrrh. Hlyp. i. 225) phon and two other generals led an expedition
and others understood them, as though he had at- against the Chalcideans and Bottiaeans, but were
tributed certainty to the conviction of the unity compelled to retreat into Potidaea. (Thuc. ii. 79.)
and eternity of the divine essence, but probability 3. A native of Aegium, the son of Menephylus,
only to the assumption respecting the plurality of a victor in the pancratium at the Olympic games,
gods and the world of phenomena. Of the scanty, mentioned by Pausanias (iv. 3. ~ 13).
and in part doubtful, statements respecting his 4. A conjuror, who attracted great admiration
mode of explaining the latter (see Brandis, Hand- by his wonderful feats of legerdemain, such as makbuch der- Geschichte der Griech. Rom. Phil. vol. i. ing fire burst forth spontaneously. Cratisthenes
p. 373, &c.) all that deserves mention here is of Phlius was his disciple. (Athen. i. p. 19, e.;
his endeavour to establish that the surface of the Diog. Labrt. ii. 59.)
earth had gradually risen out of the sea, by appeal- 5. An Achaean, a native of Aegium. He was
ing to the shells and petrifactions of marine pro- present, on the side of the Roman general Quinctius,
ducts found on mountains and in quarries (Orig. at the conference with king Philip, held at Nicaea,
P/ilos. c. 4). B.C. 198. (Liv. xxxii. 32; Polyb. xvii. 1.) He
Respecting the life, doctrines, and fragments of was one of the ambassadors sent to Rome after the
Xenophanes, compare Fiilleborn's essay; Xeno- conference. (Polyb. xvii. 1 0.) He had a son named
phanes, in his Beitrafye (i. p. 59, &c.); C. A. Alcithus. (Polyb. xxviii. 16.) [C. P. M.]
Brandis, Cobrnert. Eleat. pars prima (Altonae, XE'NOPIPHON (-e'oq)gtheAthenian, was the
V)OL. IIJ 4 o