A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

XENOCRATES. XENOCRATES. 1291
that either Plutarch or the, author of the epigram a moral earnestness, which compelled esteem and
has made a mistake respecting the country of trust even from the Athenians of his own age (Diog.
Xenocles. For this reason we must not overlook Laert. iv. 7; Cic. ad Att. i. 15; Plut. de Adulat.
the possibility, suggested by Jacobs (Animadv. in et Amic. discr. p. 71, e). Yet even he experienced
Anlth. Graec. vol. i. pt. i. p. 240), that the river the fickleness of popular favour, and being too
and bridge and mysteries referred to in the epigram poor to pay the protection-money (e'ofictovY), is
may have been In Rhodes and not in Attica. said to have been saved only by the courage of
2. A maker of fictile vases, three or four of the orator Lycurgus (Plut. Flamin. c. 12, X. Orat.
whose works, in an antique and beautiful style, Vitae, 7; but compare Phocion, c. 29), or even to
are preserved in different collections (Mus. Blacas, have been bought by Demetrius Phalereus, and then
pl. xix. pp. 55-60; Cab. Durand, No. 65, pp. emancipated. (Diog. Laert. iv. 14.) He became
24-26; Bulletin. Archeol. 1840, p. 128; Ger- president of the Academy even before the death
hard, Griech. a. Etrusk. Trinkschal. d. Kinigl. of Speusippus, who was bowed down by sickness,
Mus. in Berlin, pl. i., and Neuerworbene antik. and occupied that post for twenty-five years. (Id.
Denkmaler, No. 1662, p. 26). There is another vase iv. 14, comp. 3.)
by the same maker in the Pinacothek at Munich, If we consider that Aristotle and Theophrastus
which is remarkable for not being painted: it has wrote upon the doctrines of Xenocrates (Diog.
simply the artist's name inscribed upon it, on a (Laiirt. v. 25, 47), that men like Panaetius and
yellow band, in the following manner:- Cicero entertained a high regard for him (Cic. de
+ $ENOKVES EITOIEEN. Fin. iv. 28, Acad. i. 4), we must not dream of
being able, even in any degree, to estimate com(R. Rochette, Lettre a M. Schorn, pp. 62, 63, 2d pletely and accurately his mind or the philosoed.) [P. S.] phical direction which it took. How he strove to
XENO'CRATES (_sEVOKpCT'r-S), historical. 1. make himself master of the knowledge of his age,
Brother of Theron, tyrant of Agrigentum. He and to establish his own fundamental doctrines or
was victor in the chariot race at the Pythian games those of Plato, by applying them to particular cases,
in B. C. 494. His son Thrasybulus seems to have we see by the titles of his treatises, bare as they
acted as charioteer on the occasion. Pindar's sixth have come down to us. With a more comprehenPythian ode is addressed to him on the occasion. sive work on Dialectic (Tris 7reprl To aLaX-ye-Oea
2. A Theban' Boeotarch, a contemporary of Epa- 7rpa-ytiaseias n 3fa L') there were connected seminondas. Before the battle of Leuctra, at the parate treatises on science, on scientificness (rprel
request of Epaminondas, he sent to Lebadea for the -e-71-T-uS.T a', Irepl e17rr'TVOl/oo5s a'), on divisions
shield of Aristomenes, which the oracle of Tropho- (alaLpe-eL~s 7-'), on genera and species (7repl' sEiyz
nius had directed them to procure, and suspended IKal ei8czy' a'), on ideas (7repl *ieEciv), on the opposite
it so as to be visible to the Lacedaemonians, most (7repl Tro3 E'vavTyov), and others, to which probably
of whom knew it. (Paus. iv. 32. ~ 6, comp. ix. 13. the work on mediate thought (Tov 7Prepl Tjv aLd~ 6.) [C. P. M.]j oav 7', Diog. Lairt. iv. 13, 12; comp. Cic. Acad.
XENO'CRATES (_eroKpaT7WS), the philoso- iv. 46) also belonged. Two works by Xenocrates
pher, was a native of Chalcedon (Cic. Acad. i. 4; on Physics are mentioned (7repl (pi'e-Ews S' —qvOrAthen. xii. p. 530, d.; Stob. Eel. Phys. i. 3; Krls &pod ecos st. ib. 11, 13), as are also books
Suid. s. v.; comp. Strabo, xii. p. 566, b. He is upon the gods (Irepl OE&, /3', ib. 13; comp. Cic.
called a Carchedonian only through a clerical de Nat. Deor. i. 13), on the existent (7repl ToO,
error in Clem. Alex. Cohort. p. 33, and Strom. v. o'vTros, ib. 12), on the-One (repI TroO Eo's, ib.), on
430, &c.). According to the most probable cal- the indefinite (7repl TroO aopio'rou, ib. 11), on the
culation (Diog. Laert. iv. 14; comp. Censorin. c. 15; soul (7repl t'xrls, ib. 13), on the affections (7repl
Wynpersee, p. 6, &c.) he was born 01. 96. 1 Tr'v 7raOcv a', ib. 12), on memory (7rerpl jUVFYtr,
(B. C. 396), and died 01. 116. 3 (B. C. 314) at the ib.), &c. In like manner, with the more general
age of 82. He is stated to have attached himself ethical treatises on happiness (repl evba/ovYiasr /3',
first to Aeschines the Socratic (Athen. ix. p. 507, ib. 12), and on virtue (7rpl ape —rs', ib.) there
c), and afterwards, while still a youth, to Plato. were connected separate books on individual vir(Diog. Laert. iv. 6.) HIis close connection with tues, on the voluntary, &c. (ibid.) His four books
Plato is indicated (to pass over insignificant or on royalty he had addressed to Alexander (-rToLuntrustworthy stories in Diog. Laeirt. &c., see Wyn- XEZa 7rpbs'AXhiEavpov 7repl Baohelas 5'; comp.
persee, p. 13, &c.) by the account that he accom- Plut. adv. Colot. p. 1126, d.). Besides these he
panied him to Syracuse. (Diog. Lairt. iv. 6, &c.) had written treatises on the State (r-epi 7roALhreas
After the death of Plato he betook himself, with a', Diog. Laert. iv. 12; 7roLTOcKos a', ib. 13), on the
Aristotle, to Hermias, tyrant i of Atarneus and power of law (7repi 6vvc4eeos voYdou a/, ib. 12),
Assus (Strab. xii. p. 610), and, after his return to &c., as well as upon geometry, arithmetic, and
Athens, was repeatedly sent on embassies to Philip astrology (ib. 13, 14).
of Macedonia, and at a later time to Antipater Xenocrates appears to have made a still more
(01. 114. 3), during the Lamian war. (Diog. Lairt. definite division between the three departments of
iv. 8, 9, ib. Interp.) The want of quick apprehension philosophy, for the purpose of the scientific treatand natural grace (Diog. Laert. iv. 6; Plut. Conj. ment of them, than Speusippus (Sext. Emp. adv.
Praec. p. 141) he compensated by persevering and Math. vii. 16), but at the same time to have abanthorough-going industry (Diog. Laert. iv. 6, 11; doned Plato's heuristic (EperspO'TI) method of concomp. Plut. de recta Rat. aund. p. 47, e), pure bene- ducting through doubts (&aroptia), and to have
volence (Diog. Laert. iv. 10; Aelian, V. H. xiii. 3), adopted in its stead a mode of bringing forward
purity of morals (Diog. Laert. iv. 7; Plut. Comnp. his doctrines in which they were developed dogCimon. c. Lucullo, c. 1; Cic. de Off i. 30; Valer. matically (Sext. Emp. lHypotyp. i. 2; comp. Cic.
Max. ii. 10), unselfishness (Diog. Laert. iv. 8, &c.; Acad. i. 4; Diog. Lairt. iv. 11, 16). Xenocrates
Cic. Tnsc. v. 32; see Menag. on Diog. Laert.), and also seized more sharply and distinctly the sepa