A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1280 ULPIANUS. ULPIANUS.
Praefecti urbi; de Officio Curatoris Reipublicae,; fold division, for Jus Naturale and Jus Gentium in
de Officio Praetoris Tutelaris. All these works Gains and those other writers are equivalent. Sawere probably written in the time of Caracalla. vigny (System, &c. vol. i. Beylage i.) has explained
The work of which we still possess a fragment, the meaning of Ulpian's threefold division. The
under the title " Domitii Ulpiani Fragmenta," authors of the Institutiones of Justinian have inwas, perhaps, written under Caracalla (xvii. 2); troduced great confusion by first giving Ulpian's
and it is generally supposed to be taken from the threefold division, which they apply to the case
liber singularis Regularum. There are also ex- of slavery, and then taking the passages of Gains,
cerpts from Regularum Libri septern, which some Marcianus and Florentinis, in which the twofold
suppose to have been a second edition of the Regu- division is either expressed or clearly implied.
larum liber singularis; but it may have been a (Inst. 1. tit. 1. ~ 4; tit. 2. pr.; tit. 5. pr.) The conwork on a different plan. fiusion is completed by their taking a passage of
Ulpian wrote also libri duo Responsorum; Gaius in which the twofold division occurs, and by
libri singulares de Sponsalibus; de Officio Prae- the addition of the remark that the Jus Naturale
fecti Vigilum, de Officio Quaestoris; and libri sex (sicut diximus) is the same as the Jus Gentium.
Opinionum. The time when these works were (Inst. 2. tit. 1. ~ 11.)
written is uncertain. It is generally assumed that Ulpian the Tyrian,
The Index mentions Ilas6f!t'rov BlXAia e6ra, but who is named in the argument to the Deipnosothere is no excerpt from the work in the Digest; phistae of Athenaeus, is the jurist, because he is
yet there are two excerpts (12. tit. 1. s. 24; 40. called the Tyrian; but the jurist was not a Tyrian.
tit. 12. ~ 34), from a liber singularis Pandectarum. Athenaeus (p. 686. ed. Casaub.) speaks of the happy
Accordingly the emendation of Grotius,'v for eKca, death of his Ulpian; but the jurist died a wretched
in the title in the Florentine Index may be ac- death; he was murdered by infuriated soldiers.
cepted. Athenaeus does not call his Ulpian a jurist, and it
The Florentine Index omits the libri duo ad is clear that lie did not consider him one. This asEdictum Aedilium Curulium, the libri ad legem sumption leads to a great deal. of confusion, and
Aeliam Sentiam, of which there were at least four, is totally unfounded. See the article Athenaeus,
and the libri singullares de Officio Consularium and " Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the DifExcusationum; and also the notae ad Marcellum fusion of Useful Knowledge."
(Dig. 9. tit. 2. s. 41) and ad Papinianum (Dig. 3. Some attempt has been made to prove both
tit. 5. s. 31. ~ 2) from which there are no excerpts. that Ulpian and Paulus were very hostile to the
We learn from the Vaticana Fragmenta (~ 90- Christians. The charge is founded on a passage
93) that he also wrote a work De Interdictis in of Lactantius (Div. Inst. v. l1); but it is not
four books at least, and a liber singularis de Officio certain that the Domitius whom he mentions is
Praetoris Tutelaris (Vat. Fr. ~ 232). Domitius Ulpianus. And if the passage refers to
Ulpian's style is perspicuous, and presents fewer Ulpian, it proves nothing against him. If among
difficulties than that of many of the Roman jurists the imperial rescripts directed to proconsuls, there
who are excerpted in the Digest. Compared with were some which imposedpenalties on the Christians,
his contemporary, Paulus,he is somewhat diffuse, but a writer de Officio Proconsulis could not omit a part
this is rather an advantage for us, who have to of the law which regulated a proconsul's office,
read the Roman jurists in fragments. The easy even if the law was severe and cruel. Acollection
expression of Ulpian, and the length of many of of the statute law of England on religion would not
the extracts from his works, render the study of his have been complete a few years ago, if it omitted
fragments a much easier task than that of such those statutes which contained severe penalties
a writer as Papinian. The great legal knowledge, against certain classes of religious persons.
the good sense, and the industry of Ulpian place (Puchta, Instit. i. p. 457; Zimmern, Geschiclte
him among the first of the Roman jurists; and he des Rum. Privatrechts, i. p. 370; Grotius, Vitae Jzuhas exercised a great influenc2 on the jurisprudence risconsultor7um. ) [G. L.]
of modern Europe, through the copious extracts ULPIA'NUS (O5AirLav4s), the name of three
firom his writings which have been preserved by persons mentioned by Suidas.
the compilers of Justinian's Digest. 1. Of GAZA, the brother of Isidorus of PelnThe fragments entitled " Domitii Ulpiani Fra- slium, was celebrated for his knowledge of mathementa," or as they are entitled in the Vatican MS. imatics which he taught at Athens. He lived at
" Tituli ex corpore Ulpiani," consist of twenty-nine the beginning of the fifth century of the Christian
titles, and are a valuable source for the history of aera. Suidas does not mention any works as
the Roman law. They were first published by written by this Ulpianus.
Jo. Tilius (du Tillet) Paris, 1549, 8vo.; and they 2. Of ERIESA, a sophist, wrote several works,
are printed in the Jurisprudentia, &c. of Schulting. of which an Art of Rhetoric was one.
The edition of Hugo, Berlin, 1834, 8vo., contains a 3. Of ANTIOCH, a sophist, lived in the time of
fac-simile of the Vatican MS. The edition of Constantine the Great, and wrote several rhetothe Fragmenta, by E. Bdcking, Bonn, 1836, 12mo. rical works which are enumerated by Suidas.
contains also the fragments of the first book of the The name of Ulpianus is prefixed to extant
Institutiones of Ulpian, which were discovered by Commentaries in Greek, on eighteen of the oraEndlicher in 1835 in the Imperial Library at tions of Demosthenes; and it is usually stated that
Vienna; but they are too meagre to enable us to they were written by Ulpianus of Antioch. But
determine the plan of this Institutional work. Suidas does not mention these Commentaries at
There occurs in Ulpian (Dig. 1. tit. 1. s. 1. ~ 2, all; and it is evident that in their present form
3, 4. s. 4. s. 6) and in Tryphoninus and Hermoge- they are of much later origin. The Commennianus a threefold division of law, viewed with re- taries may originally have been written by one of
spect to its origin — Jus Naturale, Gentium, Civile. the sophists of the name, either of Emesa or AnIn Gaius and other writers there is only a two- tioch, but they have received numerous additios