A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1188 TULLIUS. TIJLLIUS.
year B. c. 495, with the exception of the Crnstu- 100,000 asses: the second class those who litd at
mnina, take their names from patrician gentes. least 75,000 asses: the third those who had at
Thirdly, the establishment of the Claudian tribe, least 50,000 asses: the fourth those who had at
consisting as it did mainly of the patrician Claudia least 25,000 asses: and the fifth those who had
gens, is almost of itself sufficient to prove that at least 10,000 asses, according to Bickh's propatricians were included in the Servian tribes. bable conjecture, for Dionysius makes the snum
Niebuhr lays great stress upon the fact that in no necessary for admission to- this class 12,500 asses
instance do we find the patricians voting in the (121 minae) and Livy 11,000 asses. It must be
Covnitia Tributa before the time of the decemvirs; recollected, however, that these numbers are not
but as Becker very justly remarks, this does not the ancient ones, when the as was a pound weight
pro, e any thing, as we have no reason for supposing of copper, but those of the sixth century of the
that the Comitia Tributa were established by city. The original numbers were probably 20,000,
Servius along with the tribes. Such an assembly 15,000, 10,000, 5000, and 2000 asses respectively,
would have had no meaning in the Servian consti- which were increased fivefold, when the as was
tution, and would have been opposed to its first coined so much lighter. (Bickh, Metrologisclhe
principles. The Comitia Tributa were called into Untersuchungen, c. xxix.) Further, for military
existence, when the plebs began to struggle after purposes each of the five classes was divided into
independence, and had tribunes of their own at elder (Seniores) and younger (Juniores) men: the
their head; and it is certainly improbable that former consisting of men from the age of 46 to 60,
patricians should have been allowed to vote in the latter of men from the age of 17 to 45. It
assemblies summoned by plebeian magistrates to was from the Juniores that the armies of the state
promote the interests of the plebs. The Comitia were levied: the Seniores were not obliged to serve
Tributa must not therefore he regarded as assem- in the field, and could only be called upon to
blies of the tribes, as Becker has justly remarked, defend the city. Moreover, all the soldiers had to
but as assemblies of the plebeians, who voted find their own arms and armour; but it was so
according to tribes, as their natural divisions. arranged that the expense of the equipment should
Hence as the same writer observes, we see the be in proportion to the wealth of each class.
full force of the expression in the Leges Valeria Servius however did not make this arrangement
Horatia, Publilia and Hortensia: "quod tributim of the people for military purposes alone.'He had
jlebes jussisset." another and more important object in view, namely,
The tribes therefore were an organisation of the the creation of a new national assembly, which was
whole Roman people, patricians as well as plebeians, to possess the powers formerly exercised by the
according to their local divisions; but they were Comitia curiata, and thus become the sovereign
-instituted, as we have already remarked, for the assembly in the state. For this purpose he divided
benefit of the plebeians, who had not, like the each classis into a certain number of centuriae, each
patricians, possessed previously any political organi- of which counted as one vote. But in accordance
sation. At the same time, though the institution with the great principle of his constitution, which,
of the tribes gave the plebeians a political organi- as has been several times remarked, was to give
sation, it conferred upon them no political power, the preponderance of power to wealth, a century
no right to take any part in the management of was not made of a fixed number of men; but the
public affairs or in the elections. These rights, first or richest class contained a far greater number
however, were bestowed upon them by another of centuries than any of the other classes, although
institution of Servius Tullius, which was entirely they must at the same time have contained a much
distinct from and had no connection with the smaller number of men. Thus the first class conthirty tribes. He made a new division of the tained 80 centuries, the second 20, the third 20,
whole Roman people into Classes according to the the fourth 20, and the fifth 30, in all 170. One
amount of their property, and he so arranged these half of the centuries consisted of Seniores, and the
classes that the wealthiest persons, whether patri- other half of Juniores; by which an advantage was
cians or plebeians, should possess the chief power given to age and experience over youth and rashand influence. In order to ascertain the property ness, for the Seniores, though possessing an equal
of each citizen, he instituted the Census, which was number of votes, must of course have been very
a register of Roman citizens and their property, inferior in number to the Juniores. Besides these
and enacted that it should be taken anew from 170 centuries of the classes, Servius formed five
time to time. Under the republic it was taken ether centuries, admission into which did not
afresh, as is well known, every five years, Lists depend upon the census. Of these the smiths and
of the citizens were made out by the curator tribus carpenters (fabri) formed two centuries, and the
or magistrate of each tribe, and each citizen had to hotn-blowers and trumpeters (cornicines and tudistate upon oath the amount and value of his pro- cines) two other centuries: these four centuries
perty. According to the returns thus obtained a voted with the classes, but Livy and Dionysius
division of the citizens was made, which determined give a different statement as to which of the classes
the tax (tributum), which each citizen was to pay, they voted with. The other century not belonging
the kind of military service he was to perform, to the classes, and erroneously. called the sixth
and the position he was to occupy in the popular class by Dionysius, comprised all -those persons
assembly. The whole arrangement was of a mili- whose property did not amount to that of the fifth
tary character. The people assembled in the Campus class. This century, however, consisted of three
as an army (exercitus, or, according to the more subdivisions according to the amount of their proancient expression, classis), and was therefore perty, called respectively the accensi velati, the
divided into two parts, the cavalry (equites), and proletarii and capile censi: the accensi velati were
infantry (pedites). The infantry was divided into those whose property was at least 1500 asses, or
five Classes. The first class contained all those originally 300 asses, and they served as supernupersons w hose property amounted at least to meraries in the army without arms, but ready to