A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

TULLIUS. TULLIUS. 1187
reader can fill up by references to the work just inhabitants in each repio, and of their property,
mentioned. The two main objects of the consti- for purposes of taxation, and for levying the troops
tution of Servius were to give the plebs political for the armies. Further, each country tribe or
independence, and to assign to property that in- regio was divided into a certain number of Pagi,
fluence in the state which had previously belonged a name which had been given to the divisions of
to birth exclusively; and it cannot be questioned the Roman territory as early as the reign of Numa
that the military and financial objects, which he (Dionys. ii. 76); and each Pagus also formed an
secured by the changes he introduced, were re- organised body, with a Aliasyister Pagi at its head,
garded by him as of secondary importance. In who kept a register of the names and of the proorder to carry his purpose into effect Servius made perty of all persons in the pagus, raised the taxes,
a two-fold division of the Roman people, one ter- and summoned the people, when necessary, to war.
ritorial, and the other according to property. He Each pagus had its own sacred rites and common
first divided the whole Roman territory into Re- sanctuary, connected with which was a yearly fesgiones, and the inhabitants into' Tribus, the people tival called Paganalia, at which all the Pagani took
of each region forming a tribe. The city was part. Dionysius says that the Pagi were fortified
divided into four regions or tribes, and the country places, established by Servius Tullius, to which the
around into twenty-six regions or tribes, so that country people might retreat in case of an hostile inthe entire number of Tribus Urbanac and Tribus road; but this is scarcely correct, for even if Servius
Rusticae, as they were respectively called, amounted Tullius established such fortified places, it is evident
to thirty. (Liv. i. 43; Dionys. iv. 14, 15.) Livy that the word was used to indicate a local division,
does not mention the number of the country tribes and must have been given to the country adjoining
in his account of the Servian constitution, and we the fortified place as well as to the fortified place
are indebted to Fabius Pictor, the oldest of the itself. (Dionys. iv. 15; Varr. L. L. vi. 24, 26;
-Roman annalists (Dionys. 1. c.), and to Varro (ap. Macrob. Saturn. i. 16; Ov. Fast. i. 669; Diet. of
Non. p. 43), for the number of twenty-six. More- Antiq. s. v. Pagi.) As the country tribes were
over Livy, when he speaks of the whole number of divided into Pagi, so were the city tribes divided
the tribes in B. c. 495, says that they were made into Vici, with a Magister Vici at the head of each,
twenty-one in that year. (Liv. ii. 21; comp. Dionys. who performed duties analogous to those of the
vii. 64.) Hence the statements of Fabius Pictor Magister Pagi. The Vici in like manner had their
and Varro might appear to be doubtful. But in own religious rites and sanctuaries, which were
the first place their account has the greatest in- erected at spots where two or more ways met (in
ternal probability, since the number thirty plays compitis); and consequently their festival, corsuch an important part in the Roman constitution, responding to the Paganalia, was called Comnpitalia.
and the thirty tribes would thus correspond to the (Dionys. iv. 14; Diet. of Antiq. s. vv. Vicus and
thirty curiae; and in the second place Niebuhr Compitalia.)
has called attention to the fact that in the war with The main object which Servius had in view in
Porsena, Rome lost a considerable part of her ter- the institution of the tribes was to give an organiritory, and thus the number of her tribes, would sation to the plebeians, of which they had been
naturally be reduced. When, however, Niebuhr entirely destitute before; but whether the patricians
proceeds to say that the tribes were reduced in the were included in the tribes or not, is a subject of
war with Porsena from thirty to twenty, because great difficulty, and has given rise to great differit was the ancient practice in Italy to deprive a ence of opinion among modern scholars, some
conquered nation of a third part of its territory, he regarding the division into tribes as a local division
seems to have forgotten, as Becker has remarked, of the whole Roman people, and consequently of
that the four city tribes could not have been taken patricians and their clients as well as of plebeians,
into account in such a forfeiture, and that conse- while others look upon it as simplyan organisation
quently a third part of the territory would not of the second order. The undoubted object of
have been ten tribes. Into this question, however, Servius Tullius in the institution of the tribes led
it is unnecessary further to enter. The conquest Niebuhr to maintain that -the patricians could not
of Porsena had undoubtedly broken up the whole possibly have belonged to the tribes originally;
Servian system; and thus it was all the easier to but as we find them in the tribes at a later period
form a new tribe in B. c. 504, when the gens (Liv. iv. 24, v. 30, 32), he supposed that they were
Claudia migrated to Rome. (Liv. ii. 16.) It would admitted into them by the legislation of the deappear that an entirely new distribution of the cemvirs. But probable as this might appear, all
tribes became necessary, and this was probably the evidence we possess goes the other way, and
carried into effect in B. C. 495, soon after the battle tends to show that the tribes were a local division
of the lake of Regillus. In fact the words of Livy of the whole Roman people. In the first place, if
(ii. 21) already referred to state as much, for he Servius had created thirty local tribes for the plebs
does not say that before this year there were alone, from which the patricians were excluded, it
twenty tribes, or that the twenty-first was then is not easy to see why the three ancient tribes of
added for the first time, but simply that twenty- the Ramnes, Tities, and Luceres, should not have
one tribes were then formed (Romae tribus una et continued in existence. This we know was not the
viginti factae). The subsequent increase in the num- case; for it is certain, that the three ancient tribes
ber of the tribes, till they reached that of thirty-five, disappear from the time of the Servian constitution,
is related in the Dictionary of Antiquities (s. v. and that their names alone were retained by the
Tribus). But to return from this digression to the Equites, and that henceforward we read only of
Servian constitution. Each tribe was an organised the division of the patricians into thirty curiae:
body, with a magistrate at its head, called cIv- indeed it is expressly said that the cpvhal yevr/ial
AipXos by Dionysius (iv. 14), and Curator Tribus were abolished by Servius, and that the pvhAal Tomrby Varro (L. L. vi. 86), whose principal duty ap- Kal were established in their place. (Dionys. iv.
pears to have consisted in keeping a register of the 1 4) Secondly, it is certain that all the tribes of the
4 G 2