A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

PANAETIUS. PANAETOLUS. 109
and that before B. C. ll, in which year L. Crassus 60, &c. 83, &c.). With him begins the endeavour
found there no longer Panaetius himself, but his to supply eclectically the deficiencies in the stoic
disciple Mnesarchus (Cic. de Orat. i. 11). Neither theory, and to mould it into a new shape; so that
the year when Panaetius was born, nor the age among the Neo-Platonists he passed for a Platonist
attained by him, is stated; all, we know is, that he (Proclus, in Plat. Tim. p. 50). For this reason
composed the books on Moral Obligations thirty also he assigned the first place in philosophy to
years before his death (Cic. de Off. iii. 2, after physics, not to dialectics (Diog. LaS'rt. vii. 41), and
Posidonius), and that in those books mention was appears not to have undertaken any original treatmade of Scipio, as it seems, as being already dead ment of the latter. In physics he gave up the
(Cic. de Off i. 26, ii. 22). He could scarcely have stoic doctrine of the conflagration of the world (Cic.
been much older or younger than Scipio Aemilianus, de Vat. Deor. ii. 46, comp. 142; Stobaeus, Ecl.
who died B. c. 129, and was born B. c. 185 (see Pliys. i. p. 414), endeavoured to simplify the division
Van Lynden, 1. c. p. ll, &c. comp. p. 46, &c.). of the faculties of the soul (Nemes. dte Iat. H1o1m. c.
Suidas (s. v.) is the only one who knows anything 15; Tertull. de Anima, c. 14), doubted the reality
of an older Panaetius of Rhodes; though in the of divination (Cic. de Divin. i. 3, ii. 42, 47, Acad.
passage referred to he does not distinguish these ii. 33, comp. Epiphanius, adclv. Haeres. ii. 9). In
two Rhodians of the same name, whom he sets ethics he recognised only a two-fold direction of
down, from one another. He was probably led to virtue, the theoretical and the practical, answering
that statement by the erroneous assumption of an to the dianoietic and the ethical of Aristotle (Diog.
ignorant sophist, that Panaetius had been the in- Laert. vii. 92); endeavoured to bring the ultimate
structor of the elder Scipio Africanus (Gell. xvii. object of life into nearer relation to natural impulses
21; comp. Van Lynden, p. 6, &c.) (e cpt'eEWs dcbopoali; Clem. Alex. Stroml. ii. p.
The principal work of Panaetius was, without 497), and to render manifest by similes the insedoubt, his treatise on the theory of moral obligation parability of the virtues (Stobaeus, Eecl. L;Et. ii. p.
(Wrepl To0 icaOcoKTros), composed in three books. 112); pointed out that the recognition of t/le moral,
In this he proposed to investigate, first, what was as something to be striven after for its own sake,
moral or immoral; then, what was useful or not was a leading fundamental idea in the speeches of
useful; and lastly, how the apparent conflict be- Demosthenes (Plnt. J)emostb. p. 3852, a.); would
tween the moral and the useful was to be decided; not admit the harsh doctrine of apathy (A. Gellius,
for, as a Stoic, he could only regard this conflict as xii. 5), and, onll the conltlary, vindicated the claim
apparent. The third investigation he had expressly of certain pleasurable sensations to be regarded as
promised at the end of the third book, but had not in accordance with nature (Sext. ErTpir. adv. lotlhb.
carried out (Cic. ad Art. xvi. 1l, de 0f. iii. 2, 3, xi. 73), while he also insisted that moral definitions
comp. i. 3, iii. 7, ii. 25); and his disciple Posidonius should be laid down in such a way that they might
seems to have only timidly (ib. iii. 2) and imper- be applied by the man who had not yet attained to
fectly supplied what was wanting; at least Cicero, wisdom (Seneca, lEpist. 116). That Cicero has
who in his books on Moral Obligations intended, not reproduced the entire contents of the three
not indeed to translate, but to imitate in his own books of Panaetius, we see ffrrn a fragmnclet taken
manner, our Rhodian (ib. ii. 17, iii. 2, i. 2, ad from them, which is not found in Cicero, but has
Atf. 1. c.), in the third section of the subject, which been preserved by A. Gellius (xiii. 27), anid which
was not carried out by his guide, did not follow at the same time makes us acqluainted with the
Posidonius, but declares that he had completed in- Rhodian's treatnment of his subject in its rhetorical
dependently and without assistance what Panaetius aspects. A similar mode of setting forth his subject,
had left untouched (de Off. iii. 7). To judge from directed to its concrete relations, and relndered ilnthe insignificant character of the deviations, to which telligible by examples and similes, was to be fourid,
Cicero himself calls attention, as for example, the if we may judge by the scanty quotations from it
endeavour to define moral obligation (ib. i. 2), the that we have, in his treatise oin Eqsianimity (repil
completion of the imperfect division into three parts etOvuiLas; Diog. Laert. ix. 20, which Plutarch pro(i. 3, comp. ii. 25), the rejection of unnecessary bably had before him ill that composition of his
discussions (ii. 5), small supplementary additions which bears the same name), and in those on the
(ii. 24, 25), in the first two books Cicero has bor- Magistrates (Cic. de Lepp. iii. 5, 6), on Providence
rowed the scientific contents of his work from (Cic. ad Att. xiii. 8), on Divination (see above),
Panaetius, without any essential alterations. The and the letter to Q. Aelius Tubero. -lis work on
Roman philosopher seems to have been induced to the philosophical sects ( arept aeipoeiU,, Diog. Laert.
follow Panaetius, passing by earlier attempts of the ii. 87) appears to have been rich in facts and critical
Stoa to investigate the philosophy of morals, not remarks (Van Lynden, p. 62, &c.), and the notices
merely by the superiority of his work in other which we have about Socrates, and on the books of
respects, but especially by the endeavour that pre- Plato and others of the Socratic school. given onl
vailed throughout it, laying aside abstract investi- the authority of Panaetius, were probably taken
gations and paradoxical definitions, to exhibit in an from that work. [Ch. A. B.J
impressive manner the philosophy of morals in its PANAETO'LUS (TIava'oThos), an Aetolian
application to life (de Of.f ii. 10). Generally in the service of Ptolemy Philopator, king of
speaking, Panaetius, following Aristotle, Xeno- Egypt, who joined with his countrlymnl Theodotus
crates, Theophrastus, Dicaearchus, and especially in betraying Coele-Syria into the hiends of AntioaPlato, had softened down the harsh severity of the chus III., and on the approach of the Syrian king
older Stoics, and, without giving up their funda- surrendered into his hands the important city of
mental definitions, had modified them so as to be Tyre. (Polyb. v. 61, 62.) From this time he held
capable of being applied to the conduct of life, and an important place in the service of Antiochus, and
clothed them in the garb of eloquence (Cic. deI in. distinguished himself highly in the expedition of
iv. 28, Tuscul. i. 32, de Ley. iii. 6; con:p. Plut. de that monarch against Euthydemius, king of Bactria
Stoic. Repugnant. p. 1033, b.; and Van Ly nden, p. about I. c. 211. (Id. x. 49.) [E. H. B 3.]