A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1124 TIBERI US. TIBTULLU S.
stasia, to whom he had been for some time secretly 8vo., Lips. 1773, 8vo.; and separately by Boismarried. Sophia, though treated with respect by sonade, Lond. Valpy, 1815, 8vo. (Fabric. Bibl.
the new emperor, and enjoying an ample allowance, Graec. vol. vi. p. ] 18; Classical Journal, No. 23,
could not forget her disappointment, and she is said pp. 198-204.)
to have induced Justinian to conspire with her to 2. ILLUSTRIUS, the author of two epigrams in
overthrow the man whom she had loved. The plot the Greek Anthology. Nothing more is known of
was discovered: Sophia was deprived of all power him. (Brunck, Anal. vol. iii. p. 7; Jacobs, Anti.
of doing further mischief, and Justinian, who was Graec. vol. iii. p. 228, vol. xiii. p. 962.) [P. S.]
pardoned, became a-faithful friend of Tiberius. TIBE'RIUS, a veterinary surgeon, who may
In A. D. 579 Chosroes, the Persian, was suc- perhaps have lived in the fourth or fifth century
ceeded by Hormisdas, and the war began again. after Christ. He wrote some works, of which
Mauricius defeated the Persians, overran a large only fragments remain, which are to be found in
part of Persia, and in a bloody contest on the Eu- the collection of writers on veterinary surgery, first
phrates, A. D. 580, gave the forces of Hormisdas a published in Latin by J. Ruellius, Paris. 1530.
most signal defeat; and again in the following fol., and in Greek by S. Grynaeus, Basil. 1537.
year. In Africa, which had long been disturbed 4to. [W. A. G.]
by the natives, Gennadius, the exarch of Ravenna, TIBOETES (Tieol-'rs), an uncle of Prusias I.,
defeated (A. D. 580) Gasmul, king of the Mauritani. king of Bithynia, was living in Macedonia in the
Mauricius enjoyed a triumph at Constantinople for early part of the reign of Prusias, and was sent for
his Persian victories, A. D. 581, and in August of by the Byzantines in B. c. 220, as they wished to
that year, Tiberius, whose health was rapidly fail- set him up as a competitor for the throne of Bithying, raised him to the dignity of Caesar, having no nia; but he died on his journey from Macedonia.
sons of his own. He also gave him his daughter (Polyb. iv. 50-52. )
Constantina in marriage. Tiberius died on the TI'BULUS FLACCUS. [FLACCUS.]
14th of August, A. D. 582, and was succeeded by TIBULLUS, A'LBIUS (his praenomen is
Mauricius. unknown), was of equestrian family. The date
Tiberius was universally regretted. By an eco- of his birth is uncertain: it is assigned by Voss,
nomical administration he diminished the taxation Passow, and Dissen to B. c. 59, by Lachman and
of his subjects, and always had his treasury full. Paldamus to B. c. 54; but he died young (accordThere were at least six constitutions of the ing to the old life by Hieronymus Alexandrinus,
emperor Tiberius; three of which (Nos. 161, 163, in flore juventutis) soon after Virgil (Domitius
164) form part of the collection of i68 Novellae, Marsus in Epigrammate)
one is found by itself in the Venice manuscript, non aequa, Tibulle,
the fifth is lost, and the sixth only exists in Latin. Te quoque Vrgl cotem non aequa, Tibulle,
The constitution (No. 163, rlepl KOVjio#ucV 6X -qo Mors jurenern campos misit ad Elysios."
olwv, " On the Diminution of Taxes," expresses a But as Virgil died B. c. 19, if Tibullus died the
humane desire to relieve the people from their year after, B. c. 18, he would even then have been
burdens, combined with a prudent regard to supply 36. The later date therefore is more probable. Of
the necessary demands of the state. (Gibbon, the youth and education of Tibullus, absolutely
Decline and Fall, ke., ch. 45, who also gives the nothing is known. His late editor and biographer,
references to the authorities for the reign of Dissen, has endeavoured to make out from his
Tiberius; Mortreuil, Hist. du Droit Byzantin, vol. writings, that according to the law, which comi. p. 81.) [G. L.] pelled the son of an eques to perform a certain
TIBE'RIUS ABSI'MARUS, who held the period of military service (formerly ten years), Ticommand of the Cibyratae in the fleet of Leontius bullus was forced, strongly against his will, to
II., was proclaimed emperor by the mutinous become a soldier. This notion is founded on the
soldiers -and sailors, and, returning to Constanti- tenth elegy of the first book, in which the poet
nople, he usurped the throne and put Leontius in expresses a most un-Roman aversion to war. He
prison, A. D. 698. [LEONTIUS II.] The usurper is dragged to war, " Some enemy is already girt
added to his name Absimarus, the respected name with the arms with which he is to be mortally
of Tiberius. His brother Heraclius, whom he ap- wounded (1. 13). Let others have the fame of
pointed to conduct the war against the Arabs, in- valour; he would be content to hear old soldiers
vaded Syria (A. D. 699-700), and treated the recite their campaigns around his hospitable board,
inhabitants with the most inhuman cruelty. The and draw their battles on the table with their
events of this usurper's reign are unimportant. wine." (1. 29, 32.) But this Elegy is too perfectly
The strangeness of his rise was only equalled by finished for a boyish poem; by no means marks its
the suddenness of his fall, and by the restoration date in any period of the poet's life; and intimates
to the imperial throne of Justinian II. (A. D. 704), rather that he was, at the time when it was writwho had been expelled by Leontius [JUSTINI- ten, quietly settled on his own patrimonial estate.
ANUS II.], as Leontius was expelled by Tibe- That estate, belonging to the equestrian ancesrius. [G. L.] tors of Tibullus, was at Pedum, between Tibur and
TIBE'RIUS ALEXANDER. [ALEXANDER.] Praeneste. This property, like that of the other
TIBE'RIUS, literary. 1. A philosopher and great poets of the day, Virgil and Horace, had
sophist, of unknown time, the author of numerous been either entirely or partially confiscated during
works on grammar and rhetoric, the titles of which the civil wars; yet Tibullus retained or recovered
are given by Suidas, and of commentaries on He- part of it, and spent there the better portion of his
rodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Demosthenes. short, but peaceful and happy life. He describes
One of his works, on the figures in the orations of most gracefully, in his first elegy, his reduced forDemosthenes (7repl T'v -rapa Arn7uo0eveL aX77/ad- tunes. " His household gods had once been the
rswv), is still extant, and has been published in guardians of a flourishing, they were now of a
the Rietores Graeci of Thomas Gale, Oxon, 1676, poor family (1. 19, 20). A single lamb was now