A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

104 PATIPHILUS. PAMPIJILUS.
tile bishop of Caesareia ill Palestine. In the fifth I'alaest. 11; Hieron. de Vir. Illlst. 75, rad-. I/fi7la.
year of the persecution under Diocletian, towards I. vol. iv. p. 357, II. vol. iv. p. 419; Phot. Cod.
the end of the year A. D. 307, he was thrown into 118; A.cta S. Pamprhili Marlyris; Fabric. Bii[l.
prison by Urbanus, the governor of Palestine, for Graec. vol. x. p.7112; Lardner, Tillemont, Schrickh,
refusing to sacrifice to the heathen deities. Eu- and the other church historians.) [P. S.]
sebius attended upon him most affectionately PAM'PHILUS (IldilpcAos), artists. 1. Of
during his imprisonment, which lasted till the Amphipolis (Suid. s. v.'AWreXAAs; Macedo nn16th of February, 309, when he suffered martyr- tione, Plin.), one of the most distinguished of the
dom by the command of Firmilianus, the successor Greek painters, flourished about 01 97-107, B.c.
of Urbanus. 390-350. He was the disciple of Eupompus, the
The life of Pamphilus seems to have been en- founder of the Sicyonian school of painting [Eutirely devoted to the cause of biblical literature, POMPUS], for the establishment of which, howand of a free theology, but more especially the ever, Pamphilus seems to have done much more than
former: he was an ardent admirer and follower even Eupompus himself. (Plin. H.N. xxxv. 10. s. 36.
of Origen. Jerome tells us that he was always ~ 7, 11. s. 40; Plut. Azat. 13). Of his own works
ready to show his friendship for studious men, and we have most scanty accounts; but as a teacher of
to supply their wants; and that he multiplied his art he was surpassed by none of the ancient
copies of the Holy Scriptures to such an extent masters. According to Pliny, he was the first
that he was able not only to lend, but to give artist who possessed a thorough acquaintance with
them away. He formed, at Caesareia, a most va- all branches of knowledge, especially arithmetic
luable public library, chiefly of ecclesiastical au- and geometry, without which he used to say that
thors, a catalogue of which was contained in the the art could not be perfected. All science, therelost work of Eusebius on the life of Pamphilus. fore, which could in any way contribute to form
Not only did the writings of Origen occupy an the perfect artist, was included in his course of inimportant place in this library, but the greater struction, which extended over ten years, and for
part of them were transcribed by Pamphilus with which the fee was no less than a talent. Among
his own hand, as we learn from Jerome, who used those who paid this price for his tuition were
these very copies. Perhaps the most valuable of Apelles and Melanthius. (Plin. H. AN\ xxxv. 10.
the contents of this library were the Tetraplac and s. 36. ~ 8). Not only was the school of PamfI,:xapla of Origen, from which Pamphilus, in con- philus remarkable for the importance which the
junction with Eusebius, formed a new recension of master attached to general learning, but also for
the Septuagint, numerous copies of which were the minute attention which he paid to accuracy in
put into circulation. Among the other treasures drawing. On this subject Pliny says that this
of this library was a copy of the so-called Hebrew artist's influence established the rule, first at Sitext of the gospel of St. Matthew, as used by cyon, and afterwards through all Greece, that freethe Nazarenes. There is still extant one MS., if born boys were taught before any thing else (in
not two, which some suppose to have been tran- art, of course) the greapiic art (grapiicen, drawing
scribed by Pamphilus for his library (Montfaucon, with the graphis), that is, painting on box-wood,
Bibl. Coisl. p. 251; Proleg. ad Orig. lIexapl. pp. and this art w;as received into the first rank of the
14, 76.). The library is supposed to have been studies of the free-born (Plin.. c.). Two things
destroyed at the taking of Caesareia by the Arabs, are clear from this passage. First, it proves the
in the seventh century. Another eminent ser- high and just view which Pamphilus took of the
vice which Pamphilus rendered to the Christians place which art ought to occupy in a liberal eduof Caesareia, was the foundation of a theological cation: that, just as all learning is necessary to
school, in which the exposition of the Scriptures make an accomplished artist, so is some practical
formed the chief study. The statement of Jerome knowledge of art needful to form an accomplished
that Pamphilus, though so ardent in the study man: and, secondly, the words grap7iicen, hoc est,
and transcription of the old writers, composed pictuzram in buxo, while they are not to be restricted
nothing of his own, except a few letters, is cer- to mere drawing, are yet evidently intended to
tainly incorrect. Photius expressly states that the describe a kind of drawing or painting, in which.lpologyfor Origen was commenced by Pamphilus the first requisites were accuracy and clearness of
in prison, where he composed five books of it in outline. (See Dict. of Ant. s. v. Painting, p. 692,
conjunction with Eusebius, and that the sixth note; Bbttiger, Ideen zur Archliologie der Malerci,
book was added by Eusebius after the martyrdom pp. 145, foell.; and Fuseli's First Lecture.)
of Pamphilus. Of these six books the first only Modern writers have taken great pains to asceris extant, in the incorrect Latin version of Rufinus. tain how Pamphilus made arithmetic and geometry
It is printed in Delarue's edition of Origen, Gal- to contribute so essentially to the art of painting.
landi's Bibliotheca Patrumz, and Routh's Reliquiae Speaking generally, the words evidently describe
Sacrae. The work was in the form of a letter to the whole of the laws of proportion, as definitely
the Christian confessors condemned to the mines determined by numbers and geometrical figures,
in Palestine. There is another work ascribed to which form the foundation of all correct drawing
Pamphilus by some writers, under the title of and composition. This subject is very fully illusEspositio capitum Actzeum Apostolicorum, but it is trated in Flaxman's fourth Lecture, where he requite impossible to decide whether this was really marks that the laws given by Vitruvius (iii. 1)
written by Pamphilus or by Euthalius. were taken from the writings of the Greek artists,
Eusebius wrote a life of Pamphilus in three perhaps from those of Pamphilus himself: and in
books, but it is entirely lost, excepting a few frag- another passage he observes,'" Geometry enabled
ments, and even these are doubtftl. All that we the artist scientifically to ascertain forms for the
now know of him is derived from scattered pas- configuration of bodies; to determine the motion
sages in the works of Eusebius, Jerome, Photius, of the figure in leaping, running, striking, or falland others. (Euseb. II. E. vi. 32, vii. 32, de Alart. ing, by curves and angles, whilst arithmetic gave