A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1070 THEODOSIUS. THEODOSIUS.
discovered the treachery to Attila, who, more gene- The Theodosian Code has been preserved in all
rous than the Christian emperor, disdained to epitome contained in the Bre;iatrium which was
punish Vigilius, though he confessed his guilt; and made by order of Alaric II., king of the Visigoths,
looking at the affair as a matter of business, the in A. D. 506, but several constitutions and soine
barbarian took two hundred pounds of gold, instead entire titles are omitted in this epitome. It has
of the life of Vigilius. But he sent two ambassadors also been preserved in the MSS. of the original
to Constantinople, who boldly rebuked the emperor Code, yet only in an incomplete form, and we have
for his guilt, and demanded the head of Chrysaphius. consequently to refer to the Breviaritmz for a consiInstead of directly refusing the demand, Theodosius derable part of the Theodosian Code. The constisent a fresh embassy, loaded with presents, to tutions in the Code of Justinian, which belong to
deprecate the wrath of Attila, who preferring gold the period comprised in the Theodosian Code, are
to vengeance, pardoned the emperor and his guilty taken from the Code of Theodosius, but have underassociates: he even abandoned all claim to the gone considerable alterations. After the edition
country south of the Danube; but here his libe- of Cujacius, Paris, 1686, fol., the foundation for
rality was not great, for he had made it a desert. the text of the last eleven books of the Code was
In June A. D. 450, Theodosius was thrown from the MSS. of the original Code; but for the first
his horse as he was hunting near Constantinople, five books and the beginning of the sixth book (tit.
and received an injury from which he died, in the I, and the beginning of title 2) the text of the
fiftieth year of his age and the forty-second of his epitome in the Brevicerium was the foundation.
long and inglorious reign. His sister Pulcheria The best of these editions, after the time of Cujasucceeded him, but prudently took for her colleague cius, and that which is invaluable for the commenin the empire the senator Marcian, and made him tary, is that of J. Gothofredus, which was edited
her husband. after his death by A. Marville, Lyon, 1665, 6 vols.
In the reign of Theodosius, and that of Valen- folio; and afterwards by Ritter, Leipzig, 1736tinian III., who was emperor of the West from 1745, fol.
A. D. 425 to 455, was made the compilation called Recent discoveries have added to the last eleven
the Codex Theodosianus. In A. D. 429 the admi- books, and furnished considerable and most impornistration of the Eastern Empire declared that tant additions to the first five books. The first
there should be formed a collection of the Consti- discoveries which furnished materials for the text
tutions of the Roman emperors from the time of of the Code, were made by A. Peyron, at Tnlril,
Constantine to that date, after the model of the in a palimpsest: these discoveries have enabled us
two collections of Gregorianus and Hermogenianus. to make considerable additions to the first five
The arrangement of the constitutions was to be books. These additions were published by Peyron
determined by the matter to which they referred, in 1823. In 1820 Clossius discovered, in the
and those which treated of several matters were to Ambrosian Library at Milan, a MS. of the Brebe divided, and each part placed under its appro- viarium, into which the copyist has transferred
priate title. Those constitutions which had been various pieces from a MS. of the original Code:
altered by subsequent constitutions were not always they were published by Clossius in 1824. Wenck
to be rejected, but the date of each constitution published in 1825, Leipzig, 8vo., the first five
was to be given, and they were to be arranged in books of the Code, as we now possess them, with
the order of time. Eight functionaries (illustres critical and explanatory notes.
et spectabiles) and an advocate were appointed to The last and most complete edition of the text
compile this code. Nothing was done till A. D. of the Theodosian Code is that by HIiinel in the
435, when a new commission was appointed with Cospus Juris Ante-justiniancumz, published at Bonn,
the same power as the for:ner commission, and the 1837.
additional power of making changes in the consti- The Theodobian Code, by its adoption in the
tutions. The new commissioners were sixteen, Western Empire, cstablished a unifornity of law in
part of whom were of the rank of Illustres, and the East and the MV est. But as new laws would
part of the rank of Spectabiles. On the fifteenth occasionally be necessary, and it was desirable to
of February, A. D. 438, the Code was published, maintain this uniformity, it was agreed between
and it was declared to be from the first of January, the Eastern and the Western emperors, that future
A. D. 439, the only authority for the " Jus Princi- constitutions, which might be published in one part
pale," or that law which wvas formed by imperial of the empire, should be forwarded to the other, and
constitutions, from the time of Constantine. In promulgated there also. The new constitutions
thile same year the Code was published at Rome, as were called Novellae Leges, or simply Novel/ae. In
law for the Western Empire also, by Valentinian. A. D. 447 Theodosius sent a number of such AiNoThe Code consists of sixteen books, which are veilae to Valentinian, who in the following year
divided into titles, with appropriate rubricae or confirmed and promulgated them in the Western
headings; and the constitutions belonging to each Empire. These Novellae form the first collection
title are arranged under it in chronological order. of NVovellae which followed the compilation of the
The first five books comprise the greater part of the
constitution which relates to Jzts Privatum; the
sixth, seventh, and eighth books contain the law
that relates to the constitution and administration;
the ninth book treats of criminal law; the tenth f a
and eleventh treat of the public revenue and some
nmatters relating to procedure; the twvelfth, thir-
teenth, fourteenth and fifteenth books treat of the
constitution and the administration of towns and
other corporations; and the sixteenth contains the
law relating to ecclesiastical matters. COIN OF THEODOSIUS I1.