A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

THEODOSIUS. THEODOSIUS. 1065
the Catholic faith by the council of Constantinople, and Galla a year before the visit to Thessaloni, a
proceeded to give it effect. In the course of fifteen at the close of A. D. 386; or he would make a
years (A- D. 380-394) he published fifteen de- compromise by admitting that Theodosius asked
crees against heretics, or those who were not of her in marriage in A. D. 386, but did not actually
-his own creed. The penalties were most particu- marry her till A. D. 387 (Histoire, C4c. vol. v. p. 740):
]arly directed against those who rejected the doc- his desire was to protect the piety of Theodosius
trine of the Trinity; and they extended to from the scandal of a sensual motive. But Zusiministers, assemblies, and the persons of heretics. mas (iv. 44) states that Justina, a woman of inIt was about the time that the council was sitting fluence, who knew the amorous propensities of
that he deprived all persons who apostatised from Theodosius, prevailed over the irresolution of the
Christianity to Paganism of the right which every emperor by her daughter's tears and beauty.
Roman citizen had enjoyed at least from the time Theodosius saw her and was captivated: he asked
of the Twelve Tables, of disposing of his property her of her mother for his wife, but he only obby testament. In July (A. D. 381) he forbade tained her on condition of restoring Valentiniall.
the Arians and Eunolllians to build any church; Though Gibbon has preferred the authority of
and the law appears to mean that every place of Zosimus, there is some evidence opposed to it; and
worship which they already possessed should be yet the narrative of Zosimus is so precise and cirtaken from them. The various enactments against cumstantial that it is difficult not to give credit to
heretics are contained in the Code of Theodosius it. There is nothing improbable in the fact of a
(16. tit. 5. s. 6-23; and the commentary of Go- passion for a woman determining a political
thofredus): the Eunomians, whose guilt consisted question.
in denying any resemblance between the two sub- After Theodosius had decided on his course, his
stances, and who were accordingly Anomoeans, operations were rapid and vigorous. He founld
were also deprived of the power of testamentary Maximus encamped near Siscia, in Pannonia, a
disposition, and of taking by testamentary gift: city situated on the great river Save. Maximus
they seem, in fact, to have been deprived of all had not talent equal to his ambition, and Theothe rights of citizens. The Manichaean heresy dosius had a force which confounded the soldiers
was punishable with death; and the same penalty of the usurper by a mode of attack to which they
threatened the Audians or the Quartodecimans, were unaccustomed. His Huns,'Alans, and his
who celebrated the festival of Easter on the wrong Goths were mounted archers, who annoyed th
day. To the reign of Theodosius belonged the heavy troops of Gaul and Germany by tile irreguglory or the infamy of establishing Inquisitors of larity of a Parthian attack. Maximus, after susFaith, who seem to have been specially enjoined taining one defeat on the banks of the Save, and
to look after the crime of the Quartodecimans. probably a second, fled across the Alps, and shut
Though Theodosius thus established the princi:le himself up in Aquileia, just before Theodosius
of persecution, it is said that his rival Maximus reached the gates. But in spite of his Moorish
was the first Christian prince " who shed the blood guard, he was given up to Theodosius by his own
of his Christian subjects on account of their re- soldiers and the people of Aquileia, with his hands
ligious opinions." It is fortunate for the fame of tied behind him. Theodosius, according to his
Theodosius that there is not the same evidence of panegyrist Pacatus, was not indisposed to pardon;
his giving effect to his own laws as there is for the but his soldiers saved him the difficulty of a
severity of Maximus, under whose reign Priscil- decision, by dragging Maximus from his presence
lianus and others suffered death for heresy at and beheading him. Maximnus had left his son
Treves, A. D. 385. Victor in Gaull, with the title of Caesar, or perIn A. n. 387 Maximus, not content with the haps of Augustus. Arbogastes, the active general
possession of Spain, Gaul, and Britain, aspired to of Theodosius, seized the youth, and put him to
wrest Italy from the feeble hands of Valenti- death a short time after his father. Theodosius
aian II., who as an Arian was disliked by his spent the winter at Milan, and in the following
Catholic subjects of Italy, and was opposed in his year (June 13th, 389) he entered Rome in triumph,
heretical projects by the zeal of Ambrose, the accompanied by Valentinian and his own son
Catholic archbishop of Milan. Maximus was in Honorius.
sight of Milan, before Valentinian and his mother Two events in the life of Theodosius may be
Justina, who directed the administration, were brought into juxtaposition as evidence of his unaware of his hostile intentions; and he entered certain character and his savage temper. In A. D.
the city without resistance. Justina and her son 387, the city of Antioch complained of increased
embarked from one of the harbours in the north taxation, the necessary consequence of the wars in
part of the Hadriatic and arrived in safety at which the emperor had been engaged; and AnThessalonica. No resistonce was made to Maxi- tioch, as it had not suffered from an enemy whose
mus, except by the small town of Aemona, on the ravages had been confined to Europe, was unwilling
border of Italy. Theodosius visited Justina and to bear its share of the expense of the Gothic camher son at Thessalonica, and reminded Valentinian paigns. The complaints of the citizens were soon
that his opposition to the faith of Nicaea was the changed into active riot (February): the statues
cause of his own ruin and of the success of Maximus. of the emperor, of his father, and of his wife PlaValentinian, it is said, acknowledged his errors, cilla, were thrown down; but these idle demonand returned to the true faith; and the orthodox strations were quickly suppressed by an armed
emperor promised to restore him to his throne: but force. The governor sent to the emperor at Conperhaps he was influenced by other motives than stantinople an account of these riots, and the citigratitude to Gratian, and zeal in support of the zens of Antioch, in great alarm, despatched Flavian
Catholic faith. Theodosius was a widower; and their bishop, and the senator Hilarius, to acknowValentinian had a sister Galla, young and beautiful. ledge their guilt and to pray for forgiveness. In
Tillemont would fix the marriage of Theodosius March the judgment of the eumperor was brought