A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

vjo88,MAiXIMIjS. MAXIMUS.
was generally disapproved. Whether, however; nent Greek ecclesiastic of the sixth and seventh
this was really the first instance of divorce at Rome centuries. He was born at Constantinople about
may be questioned. (Gell. iv. 3; Val. Max. ii. I.. A. D..580. His parents were eminent for their
~ 4; Dionys. ii. 25; Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. lineage and station, and still more for their piety.
iii. p. 335.) Maximus was educated with great strictness; and
MA'XIMUS CHRYSOBERGES. An account his careful education, diligence, and natural abiliof the only published work of this writer is given ties, enabled him to attain the highest excellence
elsewhere,: [CHRYSOBEROES LUCAS.] He flou- in-grammar, rhetoric, and philosophy. He gave
rished about A. D. 1400, and was, though a Greek, his especial attention to the last, cherishing the love
a strenuous defender of the opinions of the Latin. of truth and seeking its attainment, and rejecting
church, sending letters,to various persons on this all sophistical reasonings.
subject, especially to the people of Constantinople. His own, inclination would have led him to a
Whether the IIEpl stlapopwv Kerpaatewv, Quaestiones life of privacy and study, but his merit had atSacrae Miscellaneae, by " Maximus the Monk," tracted regard; and Heraclius, who had obcontained in a MS. of the Imperial Library at tained the Byzantine sceptre in A. D. 610, made
Vienna, are by Chrysoberges, is not clear. Max- him his chief secretary, and treated him with the
imus Chrysoberges had for his antagonist Nilus greatest regard and confidence. How long MaxDamyla. [NILUs.] (Comp.-Fabric. Bibl. Graec. imus held his important office is not clear; but
vol. ix. p. 679, vol. xi. p. 397; Cave, Hist. Litt. long before the death of Heraclius (who died A. D.
vol. ii. Appendixr, p. 87; and Dissert. Prima, p. 641), probably about the middle of that emperor's
14.) [J. C. M.] reign, he resigned his post; and leaving the palace,
MA'XIMUS, CLAU'DIUS, a stoic philosopher embraced a monastic life at Chrysopolis, on the
of the age of the Antonines. He is mentioned by Asiatic side of the Bosporus, opposite Constanti-.Julius Capitolinus (Aif. Anton. Pkilosopk. Vita, c. nople. Here he was distinguished by the severity
3) among the preceptors of the emperor Marcus of his ascetic practices, and was soon appointed
Aurelius, who has himself made honourable men. hegnmenus or abbot of his monastery.
tion of Maximus in his De Rebus suis, lib. -i. c. 15 Maximus did not spend his life at Chrysopolis:
(seu ut alii, c. 12), in the reading of which passage he withdrew into Africa (i. e. the Roman province
Casaubon conjecturally substitutes Ilap& KA. Malt- so called, of which Carthage was the capital); but,uou for the received lection, HrapdtcAhoLs MaOutov. at what time and on what account is not clear.
He speaks shortly after (c. 16, seu 13, ad fin.) of Whether Maximus returned to Chrysopolis is not
a sickness of Maximus in the lifetime of Antoninus known: he was still in Africa in A. D. 645, when
Pius; and in another place (viii. 25, seu ut alii, 22, he had his disputation with Pyrrhus, the deposed
sub init.) he speaks of the death of Maximus and patriarch of Constantinople, in the presence of the
of his widow Secunda. If the sickness mentioned patrician, Gregorius [GREGORIous, historical, No.
in -the first of these quotations was the mortal sick- 4] and the bishops of the province. He had already:ness, we must place the death of Maximus'before distinguished himself by his zealous exertions to
that- of Antoninus'Pius, A. D. 161. at any rate it impede the spread of the Monothelite heresy, which
occurred.before that of the emperor Aurelius (A. D. he had induced the African bishops to anathema180). Some have identified Claudius Maximus tise in a provincial council. In this disputation,.with the Maximus who was consul, A. D. 144; and so cogent were the arguments of Maximus, that
Fabricius (Bibl. Grace. vol. iii. p. 550) identifies Pyrrhus owned himself vanquished, and recanted
him with the Claudius Maximus, " proconsul of'his heresy, to which, however, he subsequently reBithynia" (more correctly of Africa), before whom turned, and ultimately (A. D. 654 or 655) recovered.Appuleius defended himself against the charge of his see. Maximus, apparently on the accession of
-nlmagic, brought against him by Pontianus. [APPU- Martin I. to'the papal throne (A. D. 649), went to.LEIUS.] Whether the consul of A. D. 144 and the Rome, and so successfully stimulated the zeal of
proconsul of Africa are the same person (as Tille- the new pope against the Monothelites, that he
mont believes), and whether the stoic philosopheris convoked the council of Lateran, in which the
correctly identified with either, is quite uncertain. heresy and all its abettors were anathematized.
Several learned men, including Jos. Scaliger, This step so irritated the emperor, Constans II.,.Jac. Cappellus, Dan. Heinsius, and Tillemont who had endeavoured to extinguish the controversy
(Hist. des Emnpereurs, vol. ii. p. 550, note 11, sur by a " Typus" (T4yros) or edict, forbidding all dis-'Elmp. Tite Antonin)'identify Claudius Maximus cussion of the subject [CONSTANS II.], that on
with Maximus of Tyre [MAXIMUS TYRIUs], but various pretexts he ordered (A. D. 653) the pope
Gatacker and Meric Casaubon (Not. ad Antonin. and Maximus, with two disciples of the latter,
lib. de Rebus suis, i. 15, s. 12), and Davis (Praef. Anastasius Apocrisiarius and another Anastasins,'ad Ed. Maximi Tyrii, secund. fraginentuam), have and several of the Western (probably Italian).shown that this is not correct. Claudius Maximus bishops to be sent as prisoners to Constantinople..was a stoic,.the Tyrian was a Platonist: Claudius The pope arrived at Constantinople A. D. 654,
died, at any.rate, before the emperor Marcus and was treated with great severity; and after
Aurelius, while the Tyrian lived-under the reign some time was exiled to Chersonae, in the
of Commodus. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. v. p. Chersonesus Taurica or Crimea, where he died
515.) -' [J. C. M.] A. D. 655. Maximus, the time of whose arrival is
MA'XIMUS, M. CLO'DIUS. PUPIEINUS, not stated, was repeatedly examined, and afterwas elected emperor with Balbinus, in A. D. 238, wards sentenced to banishment at Bizya, in Thrace.
when the senate received intelligence of the death The two Anastasii were also banished, but to
of the two Gordians in Africa. For particulars, different places; Maximus'was not suffered
see BALBINUS.'.:'' to remain at peace in his place of exile. TheoMA'XIMUS CONFESSOR (d doLXooyw74s), dosius, bishop of the Bithynian Caesareia, and
known also as the MONK (0 ittOvaXoS), an..ellmi- two nobles, Paulus and another Theodosius, and