A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

MAROBO't)US. MARS. 961
interior. Its'oiuthern frontier was not more than As his last resource the Marcomannic king became
200 miles from Italy itself, and the half-subdued a suppliant,.although a lofty and royal one in his
provinces of Pannonia and Noricum might either tone, to Tiberius. The emperor assured him of
become useful allies, or at least divert the attention shelter, so long as he needed it, in Italy, and of a
of the Caesars from the peaceful growth or the free return beyond the Alps when refuge was no
hostile preparations of the Marcomannic state. Its longer needful. Maroboduus passed the remainder
capital was Boviasmum, and Maroboduus main- of his life, eighteen years, at Ravenna. His name
tained his regal dignity by a regular force of was sometimes employed to keep the Suevians in
70,000 fool and 4000'horse, armed and disciplined awe, but Tiberius warily guarded a captive'whom,
after the 1oman manner, and while he provided before the senate, he compared to Pyrrhus and
for independence or aggression he carefully culti- Antiochus. By his inactivity during the Panno-vated the arts of peace. The Romans believed, nian war, A. D. 7-9, Maroboduus let: slip the
or affected to believe, that Maroboduus chose this opportunity of raising Germany against Rome,
remote seat of empire from dread of their arms. and his resignation to an obscure and protracted
-13But policy rather than fear probably' directed his life in exile lost him the esteem of his own counchoice, for if Rome was to be assailed, leisure and trymen. HIe died at the age of 53 years, A. D.' 35..security for many years were needful to prepare (Strab. vii. p. 290; Tac. Ann. ii. 44, 45, 46, 62, 63;
-the Germans for the assault.' In A. D. 7, however, Vell. Pat. ii. 108; Suet. Tib. 37.) [W. B. D.]
his designs, or the strength of the Marcomannic MARON (MdcpwoY). 1. A son of Evanthes (some
kingdom aroused the jealousy of Augustus. The also call him a son of Oenopion, Seilenus. or of
existence of a free and powerful state was a dan- Bacchus, and a pupil of Seilenus, Nonn. Dionys.
gerous spectacle for the subjects of Rome; the xiv. 99; Eurip. Cyclop. 141, &c.), and grandson of
-disunion of the Teutonic tribes was the security of Dionysus and Ariadne, was a priest of Apollo at
the empire; and even if Maroboduus was not per- Maroneia in Thrace, where he himself had a sancsonally hostile, lie was forming a centre of union tuary. He was the hero of sweet wine, and is
and a model of polity for the Germanic race. mentioned among the companions of Dionysus.
_Maroboduus had also touched the pride as well as (Hom. Od. ix. 197, &c.; Eustath. ad Hoem. pp.
the fears of Rome. He gave refuge to its dis- 1615, 1623; Philostr. Her. ii. 8; Athen. i. p. 33;
contented subjects; his ambassadors did not always Diod. i. 18.).address Augustus as a superior, and if their lan- 2. A son of Orsiphantus, and brother of Al-.guage was respectful, their demands were fre- pheius, a Spartan hero, who had fallen at Therquently arrogant, The operations against Maro- mopylae, and was afterwards honoured with a
boduus were on a wider scale than had hitherto heroum at Sparta. (Herod. vii. 2271 Paus. iii.
been adopted against the German tribes. Tiberius 12. ~ 7.) [L. S.]
was directed to cross the Danube at Carnuntum, MARPESSA (Mdp7r,7ooa),a daughter of Evenus
near the'modern Presburg, the eastern extremity and Alcippe. (Hom. Ii. ix. 557; Plut. Parall.
of the Marcomannic kingdom; Sentius Saturninus min. 40; Apollod. i. 7. ~ 8; comp. IDAS and
was to lead his forces across the country of the EVENvs.) [L. S.]
Chatti, and, cutting his way through the Hercy- MARS, an ancient Roman god, who'was at an
nian forest, to join Tiberius on the north bank of early period identified by the Romans with the
the Danube, and both were to make a combined Greek Ares, or the god delighting in bloody war,
attack within a few leagues from the Marcomannic although' there are a variety of indications that the
capital Boviasmum. A general revolt of the Cis- Italian Mars was originally a divinity of a very
Danubian provinces rescued Maroboduus, and different nature. In the first place Mars bore the
Tiberius had the address or the good fortune to surname of Silvanus, and sacrifices were offered to
persuade him to remain neutral during the Pan- him for the prosperity of the fields and flocks; and
nonian and Dalmatic war. Maroboduus did not in the second a lance was honoured at Rome as
avail himself of the distress of Rome after the dis- well as at Praeneste as the symbol of Mars (Liv.
aster of Quintilius Varus, A. D. 9, and marked his xxiv. 10), so that Mars resembles more the Greek
friendship for Augustus on that occasion by re- Pallas Athene than Ares. The transition from the
deeming from his murderers the head of the un- idea of Mars as an agricultural god to that of a
fortunate general and sending it for sepulture to warlike being, was not difficult with the early
Rome. Eight years'later (A. D. 17) the disunion Latins, as the two occupations were intimately
which so long paralysed the Teutonic races in their connected. The name of the god in the Sabine
struggle with Rome effected the ruin of the Mar- and Oscan was Mamers [MAMBRS]; and Mars
comannic kingdom. The policy of Maroboduus, itself is a contraction of Mavers or Mavors.
ill-understood by his countrymen, appeared to Next to Jupiter, Mars enjoyed the highest
them, or may have really degenerated into des- honours at Rome: he frequently is designated as
potism. The Cheruscans under Arminius [ARMIe- father Mars, whence the forms Marspiter and
NIUs] prepared to attack; the Semnones and Longo- Maspiter, analogous to Jupiter (Gellius, iv. 12;
bards, Suevian clans, revolted from him. The Macrob. Sat. i. 12, 19; Varro, De Ling. Lat.- viii.
jealousy between Arminius and his uncle Inguio- 33); and Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinils, were the
merus [INGUo10MRSIs], who embraced the Marco- three tutelary divinities of Rome, to each of whom
mannic alliance, delayed but could not avert the king Numa appointed a flamen, whose rank was
storm, and Marobodaus, defeated in action, sought sometimes thought higher even than that of the
the aid of Rome. In A. D. 19 he had again become great pontiff. (Liv. viii. 9; Festus, p.. 188, ed.
formidable, and Drtsus prepared to invade him, Milller.) Hence a very ancient sanctuary was
when Catualda [CATUALDA], a chief of the dedicated to Mars on the Quirinal hill, near the
Gothones, whom Maroboduus had driven into temple of Dius Fidius, from which he derived his
exile, led a detachment through the Bohemian surname of Quirinus (Varro, De Ling. Lat. v. 52;
passes into the heart of Maroboduus's kingdom. Serv. ad Aen. i. <296), and hence lie was regarded
VOL. I. 3 q