A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

b24 MANUEL. MANUEL.
his rank; but his prayers for assistance were in came one of the principal causes of the destruction
vain, and he returned to Constantinople in 1402, of the Greek empire. Manuel died in 1425, at
at a moment when a great political crisis made his the age of 77, and was succeeded by his eldest son
presence most necessary. During his absence, John John (VII.), whom he had by his wife Irene,
reigned with absolute power, having obtained his daughter of Constantine Dragas, and whom he
recognition from Bayazid, on conditions which show created co-emperor in 1419. (Laonic. i. 2; Ducas,
the state of helpless weakness into which the small c. 12-15; Phranza, i. 16, &c.) [W. P.]
remnant of the Byzantine empire was sunk. At MANUEL (Mavov4A), literary and ecclesiasthat period there were already three mosques in tical.
Constantinople, where a numerous Mohammedan 1. Of BYZANTIUM. Among the writers enupopulation enjoyed the free exercise of their reli- merated by Joannes Scylitzes Curopalates, who
gion. To these John was compelled to add a lived in the latter part of the eleventh century, in
fourth; and besides, the sultan obtained the privi- the commencement of his:v'voqns iaTopLc,, as
lege of establishing in the capital a " mehkeme," having written on historical subjects, but in a very
or court of justice, where a Turkish " kadi," or imperfect manner, after Theophanes, is Manuel of
judge, administered justice in the name of the Byzantium. It is probable that he was of very
sultan, who increased the number of Mohammedans inferior reputation even in the days of Scylitzes, as -
by settling a numerous colony of Turkmans at Cedrenus (p. 2, ed. Paris, vol. i. p. 2, ed. Bonn),
Kiniki, a borough in the immediate vicinity of in transcribing the passage, does not mention his
Constantinople. A yearly tribute of 10,000 ducats name, but comprehends him under the somewhat
was added as another condition. contemptuous term ol AoLnrol Bvsuzv'To, " the other
Considering Constantinople a prey which he Byzantines."
could seize at the first opportunity, Bayazid re- 2. BRYENNIUS. [BRYENNIUS.]
solved, first to subdue Greece, the greater part of 3. CALECAS. [CALECAS.]
which was then governed by Latin princes, among 4. CHARITOPULUS (6 Xapr'drovAos), or SARANwhom the dukes of Delphi and Athens were the TENUS (6 2apavTra'ds), or the PHILOSOPHER, a
principal. Greece was an easy conquest, and Greek ecclesiastic of the twelfth and thirteenth
Athens, which the Turks still called the city of centuries, acquired a high reputation by his phiphilosophers, became for some time the seat of a losophical attainments. He was appointed patriarch
Turkish pasha. The fall of Constantinople now of Constantinople on the death of Maximus II.,
seemed to he inevitable, and Bayazid had already which occurred in A. D. 1215, and held the patrilssembled an army for its speedy reduction, when archate for five years and seven months, dying
the great Timur invaded Asia Minor with a count- about the middle of A. D. 1221. Three synodal
less host. At Angora (1.402) the Turkish army decrees of a Manuel, patriarch of Constantinople,
was annihilated by the Tatar; and Bayazid, with are given in the Jus Graeco-Romanum of Leunhis son Musa, fell into the hands of the victor. clavius (lib. iii. p. 238, &c.), who assigns them to
This unexpected event saved Manuel. Bayazid Charitopulus, and is followed by Cave and Oudin,
died soon after his captivity; and Timur, who left who have confounded Charitopulus with another
Asia Minor for the purpose of conquering China, Manuel [No. 7]. Le Quien objects to this judgdied in 1405. Meanwhile, the sons of Bayazid ment of Leunclavius, as not founded on evidence;
seized each a portion of their father's empire; and and with better reason adjudges them to Manuel II.
the Tatar having withdrawn from Asia Minor, a Ephraem of Constantinople celebrates Charitopulus
civil war broke out between the Turkish princes, as 4pv6aJ dIlcpl)s Kmal OIUwv Kical icasvwv, "6 an exact
which ended in the undisputed government of observer of the laws and canons." (Georg. Acroprince Mohammed, the first of the sultans of that polit. Annal. c. 19, p. 17, ed. Paris, p. 35, ed.
name (1415). During these disturbances Manuel Bonn; Ephraem. de Pat-iarcliis CP. vs. 10251,
acted with diplomatic skill: he first removed his ed. Bonn; Anonymus (supposed by some to be
nephew, John, from the government; and per- Niceph. Callist.), de Patriarchis CPolitanis Carceiving the rising fortune of Mohammed, joined men ambnicum, and Patriarchae CPoleos, apud
him; and in 1413 he contributed to the defeat and Labbe, de Histor. Byzant. Scriptorib. IlporperTsK0o C;
death of prince Musa, who had succeeded his Le Quien, Oriens C]Lristianus, vol. i. col. 278; Cave,
brother Suleiman, in 1410, in the government of Hist. Litt. ad ann. 1240, vol. ii. p. 297, ed. OxEuropean Turkey. In reward for his assistance, ford, 1740-42; Oudin, eomnment. de Scriptorib.
Manuel received from Mohammed several places on et Scriptis Eccles. vol. iii. col. 177.)
the Euxine, Thessalonica and its territory, and 5. CHRYSOLORAS. [CHRYSOLORAS.]
several districts in the Peloponnesus. The latter 6. Of CONSTANTINOPLE, 1. [No. 4.]
part of the reign of Manuel was quiet. Still 7. Of CONSTANTINOPLE, 2. There were two
hoping that the Western princes would finally Manuels patriarchs of Constantinople, Manuel I.
unite for the purpose of putting an end to the Charitopulus [No. 4.] and Manuel II., the subject
Turkish dominion and restoring the Greek empire, of the present article. Cave, Oudin, and others,
he sent ambassadors to the Council of Constance seem to have confounded the two, for they state
with seeming instructions to effect a union of the that Manuel Charitopulus succeeded Germnanus II.
Latin and Greek churches. But his real intentions [GERMANUS, No. 8] in A. D. 1240. Charitopulus
were quite different; he never earnestly wished was the predecessor of Germanus, not his successor;
for such an union; and Phranza (ii. 13) was wit- Manuel II. was his successor, though not immeness when the emperor openly said that he nego- diately, for the brief patriarchate of Methodius II.
tiated with the Western princes for no other and a vacancy in the see, of considerable but unpurpose but causing fear to the Turks. This certain length, intervened. Manuel's death is
was well known in Europe; and while Greek distinctly fixed as having occurred two months
fickleness and duplicity prevented a cordial under- before that of the emperor Joannes Ducas Vatatzes
standing between the East and the West, it be- [JOANNES III.], which occurred 30th Oct. A. D.