A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

916 MANETHO. MANIA.
Plutarch's treatise De Iside et Osiri (cc. 8, 9, 49, cannot have been written before the fifth century
62, 73; comp. Procl. ad J-iesiod. Op. et D. 767), of our era. A good edition of it was published
and in some other writers, who confirm the state- some years ago by C. A. M. Axt and F. A. Rigler,
ments of Plutarch. (lamblich. de Myster. viii. 3; Cologne, 1832, 8vo. Whether this poem was
Aelian, H. A. x. 16; Porphyr. de Abstin. p. 199.) written with a view to deception, under the name
Suidas mentions a work on (Qypii, or the sacred of Manetho, or whether it is actually the production
incense of the Egyptians, its preparation and mix- of a person of that name, is uncertain.
ture, as taught in the sacred books of the Egyptians, But there is a work which is undoubtedly a forand the same work is referred to by Plutarch at gery, and-was made with a view to harmonise the
the end of his above-mentioned treatise. In all chronology of the Jews and Christians with that
the passages in which statements from Manetho of the Egyptians. This work is often referred to
are preserved concerning the religious and moral by Syncellus(Chiron. pp. 27, 30), who says that the
doctrines of the Egyptians, he appears as a man of author lived in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus,
a sober and intelligent mind, and of profound and wrote a work on the Dog Star (X7 3[Aos -rig
knowledge of the religious affairs of his own coun- -ch0Eos), which he dedicated to the king, whom he
try; and the presumption therefore must be, that called EeCaods. (Syncell. C0/ron. p. 73.) The
in his historical works, too, his honesty was not very introduction to this book, which Syncellus
inferior to his learning, and that he ought not to quotes, is so full of extraordinary things and abbe made responsible for the blunders of transcribers surdities, that it clearly betrays its late author,
and copyists, or the forgeries of later impostors. who, under the illustrious name of the Egyptian
The historical productions of Manetho, although historian, hoped to deceive the world.
lost, are far better known than his theological works. The work of the genuine Manetho was gradually
Josephus (Ant. Jud. i. 3. ~ 9) mentions the great superseded: first by epitomisers, by whom the gework under the title of History of Egypt, and nuine history and chronology were obscured; next by
quotes some passages verbatim from it, which show the hasty work of Eusebius, and the interpolations
that it was a pleasing narrative in good Greek he made, for the purpose of supporting his system
(c. Apion. i. 14, &c.). The same author informs afterwards by the impostor who assumed the name
us that Manetho controverted and corrected many of Manetho of Sebennytus, and mixed truth with
of the statements of Herodotus. But whether this falsehood; and lastly by a chronicle, in which the
was done in a separate work, as we are told by dynasties of Manetho were arbitrarily arranged
some writers, who speak of a treatise lIpos'Hpo- according to certain cycles. (Syncell. C/iron. p.
e3oiov (Eustath. ad Honm. p. 857; Etym. Magn. 95.) For a more minute account of the manner in
s. v. AeovTroc4Cos), or whether this treatise was which the chronology of Manetho was gradually
merely an extract from the work of Manetho, corrupted see the excellent work of Bunsen above.
made by later compilers or critics of Herodotus, is referred to, vol. i. p. 256, &c. [L. S.]
uncertain. The Egyptian history of Manetho was MANGA'NES, GEO'RGIUS. [GEORGIUS,
divided into three parts or books; the first con- No. 14, p. 246.]
tained the history of the country previous to the MA'NIA, an ancient and formidable Italian,
thirty dynasties, or what may be termed the my- probably Etruscan, divinity of the lower world, is
thology of Egypt, as it gave the dynasties of the called the mother of the Manes or Lares. (Varro,
gods, concluding with those of mortal kings, of de Ling. Lat. ix. 61; Arnob. adv. Gent. iii. 41;
whom the first eleven dynasties formed the con- Macrob. Sat. i. 7.) The festival of the Compitalia
clusion of the first book. The second opened with was celebrated as a propitiation to Mania in comumon
the twelfth and concluded with the nineteenth with the Lares, and, according to an ancient oracle
dynasty, and the third gave the history of the that heads should be offered on behalf of heads,
remaining eleven dynasties, and concluded with an boys are said to have been sacrificed on behalf of
account of Nectanebus, the last of the native Egyp- the families to which they belonged. The consul
tian kings. (Syncell. Chronog. p. 97, &c.) These Junius Brutus afterwards abolished the human
dynasties are preserved in Julius Africanus and sacrifices, and substituted garlick and the heads of
Eusebius (most correct in the Armenian version), poppies for them. Images of Mania were hung up
who, however, has introduced various interpolations. at the house doors, with a view to avert all dangers.
A thirty-first dynasty, which is added under the (Macrob. 1. c.) As regards her being the mother
name of Manetho, and'carries the list of -kings of the Manes or Lares, the idea seems to have
down to Dareius Codomannus, is undoubtedly a been, that the souls of the departed on their arrival
later fabrication. The duration of the first period in the lower world became her children, and either
described in the work of Manetho was calculated there dwelt with her or ascended into the upper
by him to be 24,900 years, and the thirty dy- world as beneficent spirits. (Miiller, Die Etrutsk.
nasties, beginning with Menes, filled a period of iii. 4.) In later times the plural Maniae occurs as
3555 years. The lists of the Egyptian kings and the designation of terrible, ugly, and deformed
the duration of their several-reigns were undoubt- spectres, with which nurses used to frighten
edly derived by him from genuine documents, and children. (Paul. Diac. p. 128; Festus, p. 129, ed.
their correctness, so far as they are not interpolated, Miiller.) [L. S.]
is said to be confirmed by the inscribed monuments MA'NIA (Mavla). 1. A Phrygian, as the
which it has been the privilege of our time to de- name implies (Mach. ap. Athen. xiii. p. 578, b),
cipher. (Comp. Schiill, Gesch. der Griech. Lit. vol. was the wife of Zenis, a Greek of Dardanus, and
ii. p. 128, &c.; Bunsen, Aegypt. Stelle in der Welt- satrap,under Pharnabazus, of the Midland Aeolis.
gesc/i. vol. i. pp. 88-125.)- After the death of. Zenis, Mania prevailed on
There exists an astrological poem, entitled'A7ro- Pharnabazus to allow her to retain the satrapy:
reAecruaructd in six books, which bears the name' which her husband had held. Invested with the
of Manetho; but it is now generally acknowledged government, she strictly fulfilled her promise that
that this poem, which is mentioned also by Suidas, the tribute should be paid as regularly as before,