A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

LYSANDER. LYSANDRA. 863
Sparta, but again repaired. to Asia Minor, where, him to the Hellespont, where he did; the Greek
he was almost adored by the oligarchical clubs cause some service,.by inducing Spithridates, a Perhe had established in the Greek cities. But sian of high rank, to revolt from Pharnabazus, and
his excessive power, and the homage that was join the Spartans. (Plut. Lys. 23, 24, Agesil. 7,
paid to him everywhere, awakened the envy and 8;, Xen. Hell. iii. 4. ~ 7, &c.)
jealousy even of the kings and ephors in Sparta. Lysander soon afterwards returned to Sparta,
When, therefore, Pharnabazus sent ambassadors to highly incensed against Agesilaus and the kingly
Sparta to complain of Lysander having: plundered form of government in general, and firmly resolved
his territory, the'ephors recalled him to Sparta, and to-bring about the change he had long meditated
at the same time, to make him feel their power, in theSpartan constitution, by abolishing hereditary
they put to death his friend and colleague Thorax, royalty, and throwing the throne open to all the
for having money in his private possession. Alarmed Heracleidae, or, according to some accounts, to all
at these indications of hostility, Lysander hastened the Spartans without exception. He is said to
to Pharnabazus and prayed him to give him an have got Cleon. of Halicarnassus, to compose an
exculpatory letter for the Spartan government; but oration in recommendation of the measure, which
the Persian satrap, while he promised compliance he intended to deliver himself; and he is further
with his request, craftily substituted another letter stated to have attempted to obtain the sanction of
in place of the one he had promised, in which he the gods in favour of his scheme, and to have tried
repeated his former complaints. This letter, which in succession the oracles of Delphi, Dodona, and
Lysander carried himself to Sparta, placed him Zeus Ammon, but without success. Plutarch inin no small difficulty and danger. (Plut.. Lys. deed relates, on the authority of Ephorus, a still
20; Polyaen. vii. 19.) Fearing to be brought more extraordinary expedient to which he had
to trial, and anxious: to escape from Sparta, he recourse, but which also failed. (Plut. Lys. 24,
obtained, with great trouble, permission from the &c., Ages. 8; Diod. xiv. 13; Cic. de Divin. i. 43.)
ephors to visit the' temple of Zeus Ammon, in Of the history of these events, however, we know
Libya, in order to fulfil a vow which. he pre- but little. (Comp. Thirlwall's Greece, vol. iv.
tended to have made before his battles. But the Appendix 4, "On Lysander's Revolutionary Proattempts of Thrasybulus and of the democratical jects.") He does not seem to have ventured upon.
party to overthrow the oligarchical. government any overt act, and his enterprise was cut short by
which had been established: at Athens, soon re- his death in the following year. On the breaking
called him to Sparta, where he seems to have again out of the Boeotian war in.B. c. 395, Lysander
acquired his wonted influence; for, although the. was placed at the head of one army, and the king
government refused to send an army to the support Pausanias at the head of another. The two armies
of the oligarchs, they appointed Lysander harmost, were to meet in the neighbourhood of Haliartus;
allowed him to raise troops, advanced a hundred but as Pausanias did not arrive there at the time
talents.from the treasury, and nominated his brother that had been agreed upon, Lysander marched
Libys admiral, with a fleet of forty ships. As against the town, and perished in battle under the
soon, however, as Lysander had left: Sparta,. the walls, B. C. 395. His body was delivered up to
party opposed to him again obtained: the upper Pausanias, who arrived there a few hours after his
hand; and the king, Pausanias, who was his bit- death, and was buried in the territory of Panopeus
terest enemy, concerted measures, in conjunction in Phocis, on the road from Delphi to Chaeroneia,
with three of the ephors, to thwart his enterprise, where his monument was -still to be seen in the
and deprive him of the glory which he would ac- time of Plutarch. Lysander died poor, which
quire from a second conquest of Athens. Under proves that his ambition was not disgraced by the
pretence of raising an army to co-operate. with love of money, which sullied the character of GyLysander, Pausanias marched into Attica; but soon lippus and so many of his contemporaries. It is
after his arrival at the Peiraeens the Spartan king related that after his death Agesilaus discovered in
made terms.with Thrasybulus and his party, and the house' of Lysander the speech of Cleon, which
thus prevented Lysander from again establishing has been mentioned above, and would have pubthe' oligarchical government. (Plut. Lys. 21;. lished it, had he not been persuaded to suppress
Xen. Hell. ii. 4. ~ 28, &c.; Lys. c. Eratosth. p. such a dangerous document. (Plut. Lys. 27, &c.;
106.) Xen. Hell. iii. 5. ~ 6, &c.; Diod. xiv. 81.; Paus.
From this time Lysander continued in obscurity iii.. ~ 3, ix. 32. ~ 5.)
for some years. He is again mentioned on the LYSANDRA (MAdavspa), daughter of Ptolemy
death of Agis II. in B. C. 398, when he exerted Soter and Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater.
himself to secure the succession for Agesilaus, the She was married first to Alexander, the son of
brother of Agis, in opposition to Leotychides, the Cassander, king of Macedonia, and after his
reputed son of the latter. [LEOTYCHIDES, NO. 3.] death' to Agathocles, the son of Lysimachus.
In these efforts he was successful, but he did not (Dexippus, ap. Syncell. p. 265; Euseb. Arm. p.
receive.from Agesilaus the gratitude he had ex- 155; Paus. i. 9. ~ 6; Plut. Demetr. 31.) By
pected. He' was one of the members of the council, this second marriage (which took place, accordthirty in number, which was appointed to accom- ing to Pausanias, after the return of Lysimachus
pany the new king in his "expedition into Asia in from his expedition against the Getae, B. C. 291)
B.C. 396. Lysander had fondly hoped to renew she had'several children, with whom she fled to
his intrigues' among the Asiatic Greeks, and to re- Asia after the murder of her husband, at the ingain his former power and consequence in that stigation of Arsinou [AGATHOCLES], and besought
country; but he was bitterly disappointed: Agesi- assistance from Seleucus. The latter in consequence
laus purposely thwarted all his designs, and re- marched against Lysimachus, who was defeated
fused all the favours which he asked; and Lysander and slain in battle B. c. 281. From an expression
was so deeply mortified that he begged for an ap- of Pausanias, it appears that Lysandra must at
pointment to some other place. Agesilaus sent this time have accompanied Seleucus, and was