A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

862 LYSANDER; LYSANDER.
fleet, an-application which was supported also by sent notice of his approach to Agis and to. the
Cyrus. The Lacedaemonian law, however, did Spartan government, and the land-forces of the
not allow the office of admiral to be held twice by Peloponnesian confederacy had entered Athens
the same person; and, accordingly, in order to under Pausanias, and encamped in the Academy
comply with the wish of the allies, without *con- (comp. Schneider, ad Xen. Hell. ii. 2. ~ 8). In the
travening the established custom, Aracus was sent spring of 404 Athens capitulated, and Lysander,
out, in B.c. 405, as the nominal commander-in- sailing into the Peiraeeus, began to destroy the long
chief, while Lysander, virtually invested with the walls and the fortifications of the harbour to the
supreme direction of affairs, had the title of vice- sound of joyful music, and (according to Plutarch)
admiral. Having arrived at Ephesus with 35 ships, on the 16th of Munychion, the very day of the
he assembled from different quarters all the avail- Greek victory over the fleet of Xerxes at Salamis.
able navy of Lacedaemon, and proceeded to build The several accounts of the events immediately
fresh gallies besides. For this purpose, as well as ensuing are not very consistent with each other.
for the pay of the men, he was again furnished From Xenophon,.it would appear (Hell. ii. 3. ~ 3;
with money by Cyrus, who, being soon after sum- comp. Thirlwall's Greece, vol. iv. p. 174, note 2),
moned to court by his father. Dareius,. even in- that Lysander did not quit Athens for Samos betrusted Lysander with authority over his province,. fore the establishment. of the thirty tyrants; but it
and assigned to him the tribute from its several seems more probable that, as we gather from Lysias
cities. Thus amply provided with the ineans of and Diodorus, he sailed forthwith to Samos, to reprosecuting the war, Lysander commenced offensive duce it, before the complete demolition of the
operations. Sailing to Miletus, where he had ex- Athenian walls, but soon returned to Athens to
cited the oligarchical faction to attack their oppo- support the oligarchical. party in the contemplated
nents in defiance of a truce between them, he pre- revolution (Lys.,e. Eratosth. p. 126; Diod. xiv. 4).
tended to act as mediator, and, by his treacherous Accordingly, we find him sternly quelling the exprofessions, induced the majority of the popular pression of popular discontent at the proposal to
party to abandon their intention of fleeing from subvert democracy, by declaring that the Athenians
the city. Having thus placed themselves in the could no longer appeal to the treaty of capitulation,
power of their enemies, they were massacred, and since they had themselves infringed it. by omitting
Lysander's faction held undisputed ascendancy in to throw down their walls within the appointed
Miletus. Thence he proceeded to Cedreae, on the time. All opposition was thus overborne, and the
Ceramic gulf,.which:he took by: storm,,and sold the creatures of Sparta were put in possession of trh
inhabitants for: slaves. He then directed his course government. Plutarch tells us that Lysander,
to the Saronic gulf, over-ran Aegina and, Salamis, having thus settled matters in Athens, went to
and even made a descent on the coast of Attica, Thrace; but this, perhaps, is only a mis-placed rewhere he was visited by Agis, then. in: command ference. to his expedition to Byzantium before-menat Deceleia, and had an opportunity of exhibiting tioned. It seems nearly certain that he returned
to the Spartan army an appearance of supremacy immediately to Samos. The island capitulated
by sea. But, when he heard that the. Athenian after a short siege, and the conqueror sailed home in
fleet from Samos was in chace of him, he sailed. triumph with the spoils. and trophies of the war.
away to the Hellespont. Here he took:Lampsacus The introduction of so much wealth into Sparta
by storm, and- soon after the Athenian navy, of called forth the censure of many, as. tending to
180 ships, arrived, and stationed itself opposite foster corruption and cupidity —an opinion which
Lampsacus at Aegos-potami. Within a few days the recent case of GYLIPPUS might be thought to
from this time the unaccountable rashness and support,-and it required.all the efforts of Lysander
negligence. of the Athenian commanders, with the and his party to defeat a proposal for dedicating
single exception of Conon, enabled Lysander to the whole of the spoil to the Delphic god, instead
capture all their fleet, saving eight ships; which of retaining it. in the. public treasury. As it was,
escaped with Conon to Cyprus, and the Paralus, a number of statues were erected at Delphi, and
which conveyed to Athens the tidings of: the other offerings made there, as well as at Sparta and
virtual conclusion, of the war and the utter Amyclae, in commemoration of Lysander's victories
ruin of her fortunes.. Lysander then sailed suc- and the close of the struggle with Athens. (See
cessively to Byzantium and Chalcedon, both Paus. iii. 17, 18, x. 9; Athen. vi. p. 233, f)
of which opened their gates to him. The Lysander was now by far the most powerful
Athenian garrisons he permitted to depart, on man in Greece, and he displayed more than the
condition of their going to Athens; and the usual pride and haughtiness which distinguished
same course he adopted with. all the Athenians the Spartan commanders in foreign countries. He
whom he found elsewhere; his object being to in- was passionately fond of praise, and took care that
crease the number of mouths in the city, and soto his exploits should be celebrated by the most
shorten the siege. Sailing from the Hellespont illustrious poets of his time. He always. kept the
with 200 ships, he proceeded to the south, estab- poet Choerilus in his retinue; and his praises were
lishing in the several states on his way oligarchical also sung by Antilochus, Antimachus of Colophon,
governments, composed of his. own partisans- and Niceratus of HIeracleia. He was the first of
members of the political clubs he had already the Greeks to whom-Greek cities erected altars as
taken so much care to form-and thus everywhere, to a god, offered sacrifices, and celebrated festivals.
except for a:time at Samos, the friends of Athens (Plut. Lys. 18; Paus. vi. 3. ~~ 14, 15; Athen.
and democracy were overborne. He settled also xv. p. 696; Hesych. s. v. Aveadvapl=a.) Possessing
in their ancient homes a remnant of the Aeginetans, such unlimited power, and receiving such extraScionaeans, and Melians who had been driven out ordinary marks of honour from the rest of Greece, a
by the Athenians (comp. Thuc. ii. 27, v. 32, 116), residence at Sparta, where he must have been under
and he then sailed to the mouth of the Peiraeeus, and restraint, could not be agreeable to him. We
blockaded it with 150 gallies. He had previously accordingly find that he did not remain long at