A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

..LIVIA. LIVIUS. 789'latter. There was only one subject which odca- p'eroi. Caligula'. but Tiberius would not allow her
sioned any dissension between them,' and that was testament to be carried into effect. The legacies
the succession;. Augustus naturally wished to which she had left were not fully paid till the acsecure it for his own family, but Livia resolved to cession of Caligula; and her consecration did not
obtain it for her own children; and, according to take- place till the reign of Claudius. (Tac. Ann..the common opinion at Rome, she did not scruple to' i. 3, 5, 8, 10, 14, v. 1, 2 Dion Cass. lvii. 12,
employ foul means to remove out of the way the lviii. 2, lix. ], 2 lIx. 5; Suet. Tib. 50, 51.)
family of her husband. Hence she was said to be O...
"gravis in rempublicam mater, gravis domui ~ % Yes
Caesarum noverca." (Tac. Ann. i. 10.) The premature death of Marcellus was attributed by many
to: her. machinations, because he had been preferred 0
*.to her sons as the husband of Julia, the daughter.of Augustus. (Dion Cass. liii. 33.) But for this
there seems little ground..The opportune death.both of C. Caesar and L. Caesar seems much more
suspicious. These young men were the children of
Julia by her marriage with Agrippa; and being
the grandchildren of Augustus, they presented, as COIN OF LIVIA.
long as they lived, an insuperable obstacle to the 3. LIVIA or LIVILLA, the daughter of Drusus
accession of Tiberius, the son of Livia. But Lu- senior and Antonia, and the sister of Germanicus
cius died suddenly at Massilia in A. D. 2, and Caius and the emperor Claudius. [See the genealogical
in Lycia A. D. 4, of a wound, which was not con- table, Vol. I. p. 1076.] In her eleventh year
sidered at all dangerous. It was generally sus- B.c. 1, she was betrothed to C. Caesar, the son of
pected that they had both been poisoned, by the Agrippa and Julia, and the grandson of Augustus.
secret orders of Livia and Tiberius. She was even She was subsequently married to her first cousin,
suspected of having hastened the death of Augustus Drusus- junior, the son -of the.emperor Tiberius,
in A. D. 14. but was seduced by Sejanus, who both feared and
Augustus left Livia and Tiberius as his heirs; hated Drusus, and who persuaded her to poison her
and by his testament adopted her into the Julia husband, which she accordingly did in A. D. 23.
gens, in consequence of which she received the Her guilt was not discovered till the fall of Sejanus,
name of Julia Augusta. By the accession of her eight years after.wards, A. D. 31, when'it was reson to the imperial throne, Livia had now attained vealed to Tiberius by Apicata, the wife of Sejanus.
the long-cherished object of her ambition, and by Accordirig to some statements Livia was put to
means of her son. thought to reign over the Roman death by Tiberius, but according to others she was
world. But this the jealous temper of Tiberius spared by the emperor on account of her mother,
would' hot brook. At first all' public documents Antonia, who, however,' caused her to be starved
were signed by her as well as by Tiberius, and to death.' Such is the: account of'Dion Cassiuis
letters on public business'were addressed to'her as (lviii. 11); but from Tacitus saying (Ann. vi. 2)
well as to the emperor; and with the exception of that in A.' D. 32 the statues of Livia were destroyed
her not appearing in person in'the senate or the and her memory cursed, because her, crimes had
assemblies of the army and the people, she acted not' yet been punished, it would appear as if he
as if she were the sovereign. She openly said supposed that she had died before the fall of Sethat it'was she who had procured the empire for janus. (Suet. Claud. 1; Tac.'Ann. ii. 43, 84, iv
Tiberius and o'gratify her the senate proposed 1, 40,'vi. 2; Dion Cass. lvii. 22, lviii. 11.)
to confer upon her various extraordinary honours. 4. JULIA LIVILLA, the daughter of Germanicus
Thereupon Tiberius, perceiving that he was be- and Agrippina. [JULIA; No. 8.]
coining a mere cypher in the state; forbade all'these LI'VIA GENS, plebeian, but one of the most
honours, and commanded her to retire altogether illustrious houses among the Roman nobility.
from public affairs; but she had gained such an Suetonius says (Tib. 3) that the Livii had obtained
ascendancy'over him, that he did not feel himself eight consulships,' two censorships, three' triumphs,
his own master as long as he was in her neighbour- a dictatorship, and a mastership of the horse. The
hood, and accordingly removed his residence from first member of the gens who obtained the consulRome to Capreae. Such was the return she was ship was M. Livius Denter, B. C. 302; and it at
destined to receive for all the toil she had sustained length rose' to the imperial dignity by the marriage
and the crimes she had probably committed, in of Livia with Augustus, whose'son Tiberius by a
order to secure the empire for her son. Tiberius former husband succeeded'the latter in the governno longer disguised the hatred he felt for his ment of the Roman world. The cognomens in this
mother, and for the space of three years he only gens are DENTERt, DRUSUS, LIBo, MACATUS, and
spoke to her once. When she was on lier death- S;ALINATOR.
bed, he even refused to visit her. Shedied in A. D.'. LIVINEIUS. The name Livineius seems to
29, after suffering from repeated attacks of illness,'belong to the family of the Reguli itself, originally
at a very advanced age, eighty-two according to at least a branch of the Gens Atilia. In Cicero
Pliny (II. N. xiv. 8), eighty-six according to'Dion (ad A4tt. iii. 17, ad Fam.'xiii. 60) it is the appelCassius (lviii. 2). Tiberius did not attempt to lation of two freedmen of the brothers M. and L.
dissemble the joy which' he felt at her death..He Regulus, one of whom, L. Livineius Trypho, Cicero
took no'part in the funeral rites, and forbade her commends to C.. Munatius, as having befriended
consecration, which had been proposed:by the when others deserted.him (ad Faim.. c.:); compare
senate,'on the ground that she had not wished it Tac. AAnn. iii. 11, xiv.-' 17. [REGULUS.]'[W.B.D.]
herself. Her funeral oration was delivered by her M. LI'VIUS, tribune of'the plebs, B.c. 320,
great-grandson, C. Caesar,' subsequertly the enm- opposed the proposition for annulling tlhe treaty
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