A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

778. LIBERTAS. LIBO.
Beroea, this noble resolution began to fail. He her was set up in the-forum. (Dion Cass. lviii. 12.)
made overtures of submission, probably through From these temples we must distinguish the Atrium:Demophilus, the heretic bishop of the city where Libertatis, which was in the north of the forum,
he had been compelled to take up his abode, and, towards the Quirinal, probably on the elevated
having been summoned to Sirmium, signed in the ground extending from the Quirilal to the Capitopresence of the council there assembled (the third, line. (Cic. ad Att. iv. 16; Liv. xliii. 16.) - This
A. D. 357), the Arian creed sanctioned by that con- building, which- had been restored as early as B. c.
clave [PoTAMIus], - and the decrees against Atha- 195 (Liv. xxxiv. 44), and was newly built by
nasius. Upon this-he was permitted to return to Asinius Pollio (Suet. Aug. 29), served as an office
Rome, there to exercise a divided power along with of the censors (Liv. 1. c. xliii. 16, xlv. 15), and
a certain Felix, who had been nominated his succes- sometimes also criminal trials were held (Cic. p.
sor. But the zeal of the people in favour of their an- lil. 22), and hostages were kept in it. (Liv.
cient pastor frustrated this amicable arrangement. xxv. 7.) It also contained tables with laws inViolent tumults arose, Constantius yielded' to the scribed upon them, and seems, to some extent, to
vehement display of popular feeling, Felix resigned, have been used as public archives. (Liv. xliii. 1 6;
and his departure from the city was signalised by Fest. p. 241, ed. Miller.) After its rebuilding by
an inhuman massacre of his adherents. Liberius Asinius Pollio, it became the repository of the first
passed the remainder of his life in tranquillity, public library at Rome. Libertas is usually repredying in A. D. 366, not however, we are assured, sented as a matron, with the -pileus, the symbol of
until lie had once more changed his profession, by liberty, or a wreath of laurel. Sometimes she aprecanting all his errors and becoming a Catholic. pears holding the Phrygian cap in her hand. (Dion
I. The correspondence of Liberius as exhibited Cass. xlvii. 25, lxiii. 29; Suet. Ner. 57; Hirt.
by Coustant comprises twelve epistles. 1. Ad Mythol. Bilderb. p. 115, tab. 13, 14.) [L. S.]
Osium7. 2. Ad Caecilianuzm. 3. Ad Eusebium LIBE'THRIDES (AGEeOpi'es), or nymlphae
Vercellensesm. 4. Ad Constantium A.ugustum. 5, Libethrides, a name of the Muses, which they
6. Ad Eusebium Vercellensemn. 7. Ad Eusebium, derived from the well Libethra in Thrace; or, acDionysium, et Luciferum exsules. 8. Ad Orientales. cording to others, from the Thracian mountain Libe9. Ad Ursacium, Valetenm, et Germinzium, bishops thrus, where they had a grotto sacred to them.
in the imperial court. 10. Ad Vincentiunm Capua- (Virg. Eclog. vii. 21; Mela, ii.- 3; Strab. ix. p.
numn. 11. Ad Cathlolicos Episcopos Italiae. 12. Ad 410, x. p. 471.) Servius (ad Eclog. 1. c.) derives
universes Orientis ortl/odoxos Episcopos, in the name from a poet Libethrus, and Pausanias
Greek. (ix. 34. ~ 4) connects it with mount Libethrius in
We find also ascribed to him:- Boeotia. (Comp. Lycoph. 275; Varro, de Ling.
1I. Dicta ad Eusebium spadonem, dum ipsum ut Lat. vii. 2.) [L. S.]
in Athanasium subscribens Ismperatori obtemperaret LIBITI'NA, an ancient Italian divinity, who
adhortabatur. was identified by the later Romans sometimes
III. Dialogus -i'berii et Constantii Imperatoris, with Persephone (on account of her connection with
triduo antequam in exilium deportaretur, habitus. the dead and their burial) and sometimes with
IV. Oratio Liberii Marcellinam S. Ambrosii Aphrodite. The latter was probably the consesororemn dato virginitatis velo consecrantis. quence of etymological speculations on the name
Of the letters, eight (1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9,.10, 11) Libitina, which people connected with libido.
have been transmitted to us among the fragments (Plut. Naum. 12, Quaest. Rom. 23.) Her temple
of St. I-ilarius, three (3, 5, 6) were first extracted at Rome was a repository of everything necessary
by Baronius from the archives of the church at for burials, and persons might there either buy or
Vercelli, and one (12) is preserved by Socrates, hire those things. It was owing to this circumH. E. iv. 12. The Dicta is found in the treatise stance, that a person undertaking the proper burial
of Athanasius Ad Monachos, the Dialogus in of a person (an undertaker) was called libitinarius,
Theodoret, H. E. ii. 16, the Oratio in Ambrosius and his business libitina, whence the expressions
de Vi'ygin. iii. 1, 2, 3. libitinam ewercere, or facere (Senec. de Benef. vi.
For full information with regard to the works of 38; Val. Max. v. 2. ~ 10), and libitina funeribus
this father and discussions on the authenticity of non sufficiebat, i. e. they could not all be buried.
the various pieces, see Coustant, Epistolae Pon t-if- (Liv. xl. 19, xli. 21.) Also the utensils kept in
cUMn Rom. fol. Paris, 1721, p. 421, and Galland, the temple, especially the bed on which corpses
Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. v. p. 65, fol. Venet. 1769, were burnt, -were called libitina. (Plin. xxxvii. 3;
who rejects'epistles -8, 92 10, as fabrications. Martial, x. 97; Ascon. Aryum. ad Slilon.) Dio(Amm. Marc. xv. 7; Hieronym. Chiron.; Sulp. nysius (iv. 79) relates that king Servius Tullius,
Sever. ii.; Socrat. H. E. iv. 12; Sozomeni H. E. in order to ascertain the number of persons who
iv. 15; Theodoret, H. E. ii. 17.) [W. R.] died, ordained that for each person that had died,
LIBERTAS, the personification of Liberty, was a piece of money should be deposited in the temple
worshipped at -Rome as a divinity. A temple was of Libitina. (Comp. Suet. Ner. 39.) Owing to
erected to her on the Aventine by Tib. Sempronits this connection of Libitina with the dead, Roman
Gracchus, the expenses of which were defrayed by poets frequently employ her name in the sense of
fines which had been exacted. Another was built death itself. (Horat. Carmn. iii. 30. 6; Sat. ii. 6,
by Clodius on the spot where Cicero's house had 19, Epist. ii. 1. 49; Juvenal. xiv. 122.) [L. S.]
stood (Liv. xxiv. 16; Paul. Diac. p. 121; Dion Cass. LI'BIUS SEVE'RUS. [SEVERus.]
xxxviii. 17, xxxix. 11), which Cicero afterwardscon- LIBO DRUSUS. [LBO, SCRIBONIUS, NOS. 5
temptuously called Templum Licentiae (pro Dom. and 6.]
51, de Leg. ii. 17). After Caesar's victories in LIBO, L. JU'LIUS, was consul B. c. 267, with
Spain, the senate decreed the erection of a temple M, Atilius Regulus, three years before the first
to Libertas at the public expense (Dion Cass. xliii. Punic war. The two consuls made war upon the
44); and after the murder of Sejanus,- a statue of Sallentini in Apulia,. whom they conquered, and