A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

.744 L1O0. LEO.
from Homer, Agatlkias, the historian, and the Sep- Combefis with one reason for identifying Leo
tuagint), in the place of simple and common ones; Grammaticus with Leo the Carian mentioned by
and abounds in tautological phrases. His know- Cedrenus. (Compend. Historiae, sub init.) That
ledge of geography and ancient history is slight; the two are identical is very probable; but the
but with these defects his history is a valuable epithet "Carian" is probably given rather from Leo's
contemporary record of a stirring time, honestly birthplace than from his government, which appears
and fearlessly written. Scylitzes, and through to have included not merely the town of Cibyra,
him Cedrenus, are much indebted to Leo; and but the whole themae of the Cibyraeans or Cibvr-Hase considers Zonaras also to have used his work. rhaeans (&4ea KtuvSaro.wrrva, Constant. Porphyrog.
The Historia was first published, at the cost of De Tkematib. i. Th. 14), comprehending all the
count Nicolas Romanzof, chancellor of Russia, by S.W. part of Asia Minor, and, of course, Caria. Leo
Car. Bened. Hase, Paris, 1818. Combifis had in- Grammaticus is perhaps identical with the Leo
tended to publish it in the Parisian edition of the Asinus, 6'Asvo's, mentioned by Joannes Scylitza
C'opus Historiae Byzantinae with the Historia of (apud Montfaucon, Biblioth. Coislin, p. 209).
-Michael Psellus, but was prevented by death, A. D. The work of Leo Grammaticus is entitled Xpo1679. The Latin version which he had prepared voypapa, rad ir v'coVr [acrtAwr 7repL4Xovaa, Chrowas communicated by Montfaucon to Pagi, who nograp/ia Res a Recentioribus Imperatoribus Gestas
inserted some portions in his Critice in Baronium Complectens, and extends from the accession of Leo
(ad ann. 960, No. ix). The papers of Combdfis V. the Armenian, A. D. 813, to the death of Romanus
were, many years after, committed to Michael Le Lecapenus, A. D. 948 or 949, not, as Cave inaccuQuien, that he might publish an edition of Psellus rately states, to A. D. 1013. It was prepared for
and Leo, and part of the latter author's work was publication by Goar, but actually published with
actually printed; but the breaking out of the war Theophanes, under the care of Combefis, fol. Paris,
of the succession (A. D. 1702) prevented its com- 1655, in the Parisian edition of the Corpus Hispletion, and Hase could find no trace of the part toriae Byzantinae, and was reprinted at Venice, fol.
printed. In the disorders of the French revolution 1729. Leo has little in common with the anonythe papers of Combifis were finally lost or de- mous continuator of Theophanes [LEONTIUS, No.
stroyed. Hase in his edition added a Latin version 6] in that part of his work which comprehends the
and notes to the text of Leo, and illustrated it by period before Basil the Macedonian; but in the
engravings from ancient gems. His edition is, latter part the two authorshavemanypassages either
however, scarce and dear, the greater part of -the identical or varying but little from each other: but
copies having been lost by shipwreck; but his the uncertainty attaching to the date of Leo's work
text, preface, version, and notes (not the engrav- makes it doubtful which was the first written. The
ings), have been reprinted in the Bonn edition of anonymous continuation of Theophanes comes down
the Corpus Historiae Byzantinae. 8vo. 1828. (Fabric. to a later period than the work of Leo, and may
Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 684, note 1; Cave, Hist. thereforebeinferred to havebeenwrittenlater. The
Litt. vol. ii. p. 106; Hase, Praefatio ad Leon. somewhat abrupt termination of Leo's history soon
Diacor. Historiam.) after the recovery of the sole possession of theimperial
14. The EPICUREAN of Lampsacus [No. 3]. power by the emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus
15. GRAMMATICUS, one of the continuators of would lead to the conclusion that the writer lived
Byzantine history from the period when Theo- at that period, and brought down his narrative to
phanes leaves off. Nothing certain is known of the time of its composition, had he not elsewhere
him. A note, subjoined by the transcriber, to the (sub init. imperii Constant. Posphyrog. p. 488, ed.
Parisian MS. of Georgius Syncellus, Theophanes, Paris, p. 387, ed. Ven.) given a statement of the
and Leo Grammaticus states that "the chronography whole length of Constantine's reign, which shows
of the recent emperors, completed (7rActlpwOeraa) by that he must have written after its close. Possibly
Leo Grammaticus, was finished on the 8th of the he wrote during the reign of his soin and successor
month of July, on the feast of the holy martyr Romanus II., and broke off where he did in order
Procopius, in the year 6521 (of the Mundane era to avoid the necessity of adverting to Constantine's
of Constantinople), in the 11th Indiction," A.D. unhappy death and the parricide of Romanus.
1013 common era; but-there can be little doubt Some verses, probably by Leo of Thessalonica
that this date refers to the completion, not of the [No. 29], are in some MSS. ascribed to Leo Gramoriginal work, but of thle transcript. Cave indeed maticus. (Comp. Cedrenus, p. 641, ed. Paris, vol.
understands the date as being that of the original ii. p. 337, ed. Bonn.) Cotelerius (Moonunn. Eccles.
work. A postscript to the same MS., but by a Graec., vol. iii. 463, &c.) has given a letter on a quesdifferent hand, gives to Leo the surname of Tzi- tion of canon law from a presbyter Joannes to " his
candalus (Tiucde'aXkos), and states that he was guide and spiritual father, Leo Grammaticus, archcivil and military governor (rpoe~pos e 8eov'~) of bishop of Calabria," with Leo's answer. But this
the Cibyraeans, and one of the household (or per- Leo cannot be the historian, unless we reject the
hbaps the intimate friend, for the expression ouceios account of the latter being governor of Cibyra, or
avOpOcwros is ambiguous) of our mighty and supreme suppose him to have exchanged his secular for an
(or chief, irprTov) emperor. Combdfis (Notae ad ecclesiastical life. (Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. vii. p.
Leonem Grammat. ad initium) understands the 713; Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. ii. p. 128; Hankins,
emperor to be Constantine Porphyrogenitus [CON- De Byzantin. Rerum Scriptorib. pt. ii. c. vii.; Voss.
STANTINUS VII.], which is probable; and though De Hist. Graec. iv. 21.)
there are some difficulties about this inscription, 16. Of LAMPSACUS. [No. 3.]
which prevent our giving entire credit to it, we do 17. MAGENTENUS (Mayev7svos) or MAGENnot participate in the- doubt of Combefis whether it TINUS (Maeyrv'7vos), a commentator on Aristotle,
refers to Leo Grammaticus or the anonymous con- flourished during the first half of the fourteenth
tinuator of Theophanes. - The town of Cibyra is century. His first name, Leo, is frequently omitted
by Pliny included in Caria, and this furnishes in the MSS. of his works. He was a monk, and