A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

'688 JUVENALIS. JUVENALIS.
of a body of troops quartered in h remote district satires themselves will at once prove that this
of Egypt, where he died within a very brief space, opinion is untenable, although we must carefully
the victim of disgust and grief. The account of the separate what is certain from what is doubtful.
banishment to Egypt is supposed to be corroborated Thus it is often asserted that the thirteenth satire
by the general tenor of the fifteenth satire, and belongs to A.D. 119 or even to A.D. 127, because
especially by the words (44-46) written sixty years after the consulship of Fonteius
(see v. 17), as if it were unquestionable that this
Horrida sane Fonteius must be the C. Fonteius Capito who was
Aegyptus, sed luxuria, quantum ipse notavi, consul.D. 59 or the. Fonteius Capto who was
Barbara famoso non cedit turb Canopo, consul A.D. 67, while, in reality, the individual
which are interpreted to imply personal observa- indicated is in all probability C. Fonteias Capito,
tion, while Sidonius Apollinaris is believed to refer who was consul A.D. 12, since we know, from
to the same personages and the same events, when Statius, that Rutilius Gallicus (see v. 157) was
he says (Carle. ix. 270-274.), actually city praefect under Domitian. Again, the
contest between the inhabitants of Ombi and of
"Non qui tempore Caesaris secundi
Aeterno coluit Tomos reatu. Tentyra is said (xv. 27) to have happened "nuper
consule Junio;" but even admitting this name to
Nec qui consimili deinde casu be correct, and the MSS. here vary much, we canAd vulgi tenuem strepentis auram not tell whether we ought to fix upon Appius
Irsatifait ~is trionis ex ~sul." Junius Sabinus, consul A. D. 84, or upon Q. Junizs
Several other biographies are found in the MSS., Rusticus, consul A.D. 119. We have, however,
but all certainly of a later date than that of which fortunately evidence more precise.
we have given an abstract. These agree, in many 1. We know from Dion Cassius (lxvii. 3) that
points, almost word for word, with the above niar- Paris was killed in A.D. 83, upon suspicion of an
rative, buit differ much from it and from each other intrigue with the empress Domitia.
in various details connected with the misfortune 2. The fourth satire, as appears from the conand fate of the satirist. Thus one of these declares cluding lines, was written after the death of Domithat the'events happened in the reign of Nero; and tian, that is, not earlier than A.D. 96.
in this it is supported by the scholiast on Sat. vii. 3. The first satire, as we learn from the forty92; that'Juvenal returned to the city, and, being ninth line, was written after the condemnation of
filled with grief in consequence' of the absence of Marius Priscus, that is, not earlier than A. D. 100.
his friend Martial, died in his eighty-first year. In These positions admit of no doubt or cavil, and
another we are told, that having been exiled to- hence it is established that Juvenal was alive at
wards the close of Domitian's career, and not re- least 17 years after the death of Paris, and that
called by the successors of that prince, he died of some of his most spirited productions were comold age, under Antoninus Pius. In a third it is posed after the death of Domitian. Hence, if the
stated that Trajan, incensed by an attack upon his powerful " histrio " in the biography of the pseudofavourite, Paris, despatched the author of the libel Suetonius be, as we should naturally conclude, the
upon an expedition against the Scotch. Joannes same person with the Paris named in the preceding
Malelas of Antioch, who is copied by Suidas, re- sentence, it is impossible that Juvenal could have
cords (C kronogr. lib. x. p. 262. ed. Bonn) the been banished later than A.D. 83; it is impossible
banishment of Juvenal by Domitian to the Penta- that he could have died immediately afterwards,
polis of Libya, on account of a lampoon upon since he was alive in A. D. 100; and it is incredible' Paris the dancer," whom, it is evident from what that if he had pined for a long series of years at a
follows, the Byzantine confounds with some other distance from his country his works should contain
individual; and, finally, the old commentator on no allusion to a destiny so sad, while, on the other
the fourth satire ignorantly imagines that the lines hand, they bear the most evident marks of having
37, 38, been conceived and brought forth in the metropolis
amid the scenes so graphically described.
UltiLmnus et calv serviret Roma Neroni," Salmasius was much too acute not to perceive
this difficulty; but clinging to the idea that Juwere the cause, and the Oasis the place of qxile. venal actually was banished to Egypt at the age of
Before going farther, we must remember that there 80 and there died, he endeavoured to escape from
were two famous pantomimes who bore the name the embarrassment by supposing that the seventh
of Paris, one contemporary with Nero, the'other satire, containing the lines composed originally
with Domitian, and that each was put to death by the against Paris, was not published until the accession
emperor, under'whom he flourished (Dion Cass. of Hadrian; that the word " histrio " does not refer
lxiii. 18, lxvii. 3; Sueton. Ner. 54, Dom. 3, 10); to Paris at all, but to some player of that epoch
but it is evident, from the transactions with Statius protected by the sovereign, who, taking offence at
alluded to in the lines quoted above, that the the passage in question, disgraced the. author of
second of these is the Paris of the seventh satire. what he considered as a scarcely hidden attack
This being' premised, we shall find that the older upon his abuse of patronage. This notion is folannotators, taking the words of the pseudo-Sueto- lowed out by Dodwell (Annal. Quintil. ~ 37), who
nius in what certainly appears at first sight to be maintains that all the satires were published after
their natural and obvious acceptation, agree in be- the elevation of Hadrian, whom he supposes to be
lieving that Juvenal, on account of his insolent the object of the complimentary address, " Et spes
animadversions on the all-powerful minion of the et ratio studiorum in Caesare tantum," expressions
court, was banished at the age- of eighty by Do- which Salmasius refers to Trajan, and the scholiast
mitian to Egypt, where he very soon afterwards to Nero! But although the words both in the
sunk under the pressure of age and sorrow.'But satire and il the memoir might, without much vie-'a careful examination of the historical notices in the llnce, be accommodated to some such explanation,