A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

JUSTIN US. JUSTINUS. 685
stitutes the whole. 5. A-yods rlapavetucois 1rp~s"EA- 9.'Etceos' ixjs dpOiP dioiAuooyLas, Ecpdsitio'rectaa
Ahryas, Cohortatio ad Graecos. This is, perhaps, Confessionis. Possibly this is the work cited as
another of the work s mentioned by Eusebius, Jerome Justin's by Leontius of Byzantium, in the sixth cenand Photius (11. cc.); namely, the one said by them tury; but it was little known in Western Europe till
to have been entitled by the author'EAeyXos, Con/is- the time of the Reformation, when it was received
tatio, or perhaps Toi lhanr'3vos ehAeyXos, Platonis by some of the reformers, as Calvin, as a genuine
Confutatio (Phot. Bibl. cod. 232), though the title work of Justin, and by others, as Melancthon and
has been dropped. Others are disposed to identify the Magdeburg Centuriators, placed among the
the work last described with the Confutatio. The works of doubtful genuineness. But it is now
genuineness of the extant work has been disputed, generally allowed that the precision of its orthodoxy
chiefly on the ground of internal evidence, by and the use of various terms not in use in Justin's
Oudin, and by some German scholars (Semler, time, make it evident that it was written at any
Arendt, and Herbig); and is spoken of with doubt rate after the commencement of the Arian controby Neander; but has been generally received as versy, and probably after the Nestorian, or even the
genuine, and is defended by Maran, Semisch (b. ii. Eutychian controversy. Grabe, Ceillier, and some
sect. i. c. 3), and Otto. It is a much longer piece others ascribe it to Justinus Siculils [No. 3]. 10.
than the Oratio ad Graecos..6. lIepl!ovapXias,'AiroKpionEzs 7rpos Tod dopOo'S4ovS7rdpi TI'vC, dvayDe Afonarchia. The title is thus -given in the icaLow''lw71i,esonP', Responsiones ad Orthkdoxos de
MSS. and by Maran. A treatise under nearly quibusdarn Necessariis Quaestionibus. This is: conthe same'title, nlepl Oeo~ AcodapXfas, De Monarchia fessedly spurious. 11.'Epwrnoreis Xpu-riai'iKal
Dei, is mentioned by Eusebius, Jerome, and Photius 7rpors'ros "ESXAr4vas, Quaestiones Christianae ad
(UI. cc.). The word' eog is contained in the title Graecos, and'EpwTrezts'EAAMlvcKal 7rpos Troes
of the older editions of the extant treatise, which Xplr'rTavoivs, Quaestiones Graecae ad Clhristianos.
is an argument for Monotheism, supported by Kestner alone of modern writers contends for the
numerous quotations from the Greek poets and genuineness of these pieces. It is thought by
philosophers. As, according to Eusebius, Justin some, that either these Answers, &c., or those to
had used citations from the sacred writings, which the Orthodox just mentioned, are the'AMropjt~v
are not found in the extant work, it is probable Tscar Trs evesfeias tcsEaAaicieLs e7rtha'oeis, Brief
that if this be the genuine work, it has come down Resolutions of Doubts unfavouarable to'Piety, mento us mutilated. Petavius and Tillemont, in a tioned by Photius (Bibl. cod. 125). 12. Epistola
former age, and Herbig and Semisch, in' the present ad Zenam et Serenum, commencing'IovOr7seos Z7r7w
day, doubt or deny the genuineness of this treatise, ical:ep4VYq'roZs dSeAhpoi XalpeY,, Justinus' Zenae
and their arguments are not without considerable et Sereno firatribus salutem. This piece is by the
force; but the great' majority of critics admit the learned (except by Grabe, Cave, and a few others),treatise to be Justin's, though some of them, as Cave, rejected from the works of Justin Martyr. Halloix,
Dupin, and Ceillier, contend that it is mutilated. Tillemont, and Ceillier, ascribe it to a Justin, abbot
Mlaran, understanding the passage in Eusebius of a monastery near Jerusalem, in the reign of the
differently from others, vindicates not only the emperor Heraclius, of whom mentioii:is made in the
genuineness but the integrity of the' work.'Some life of St. Anastasius the Persian; but Maran conof the passages quoted from the ancient poets are siders this as doubtful.: - -.
not found, in any other writing, and'are on that IV. LOST WoRKs. 13. UV6vaK'rYa ca'd
account suspected to be the spurious additions of a jraaov'rv yyetu7syeovwv alpo'erwv, Liber contra
later hand.' 7.'Ercr-oAi) - rpos Atldysvrv)o, Epis- omnes Haereses, mentioned by Justin himself in his
tola ad Diognetum. This valuable remain of an- Apologia Przma' (c. 26, p. 70, ed. Maran. vol. i.
tiquity, in which the writer describes the life and p. 194, ed. Otto), and therefore antecedent in the
worship of the early. Christians'is by some eminent time of its composition to that work. 14. Ai'yot
critics, as Labbe, Cave, Fabricius, Ceillier, Baum- s. Zuyypa1pAa Ka'dc Maplwrvos, or Ipas Mapicgarten-Crusius, and others, ascribed to Justin: by wva, Contra Marcionem. (Irenaeus, Adv. Haeres.
others, as Tillemont, Le Nourry, Oudin, Neander, iv. 6, conf. v. 26; Hieron. de Viris Ilnustr. c. 23;
and Semisch, it is'ascribed to some other, but un- Euseb.' II. E. iv. 11; Phot. Bibl. cod. 125.) Baumknown writer, whom some of these critics suppose to garten-Crusius and Otto conjecture that this work
have lived at an earlier period than Justin. Grabe, against Marcion was a part of the larger work,
Dupin, Maran, and Otto, are in doubt as to the Contra omnes Haereses, just mentioned; but Jerome
authorship. Both Otto and Semisch give a length- and Photius clearly distinguish them..The fragenled statement of the arguments on the question: ment De Resurrectione Carnis preserved by Joannes
those of Semisch, derived chiefly from a cornm- Damascenus (Sacra Parall. Opera, vol. ii. p. 756,
parison of the style and thoughts of the author &c.,ed. Lequien),andusually printed withthe works
with those of Justin in his undisputed works, seem of Justin, is thought by Otto to be from the Liber
decisive as to the author being a different person contra ocmnes Haereses, or from that against Marfrom him. cion (supposing them to be distinct works), for no
The fragment of Justin on the Resurrection is separate treatise of Justin on the Resurrection
noticed below under No. 14, among the lost works. appears to have been known to Eusebius, or
III. SPURIOUS WORKS. 8.'Aa'po7rh Bao'pud- Jerome, or Photius: but such a work is cited by'rov'-ivi'Apito're~'rAMc, Quorundane Aristotelis Procopius of Gaza, In Octateuch. ad Genes. iii. 21.
Doymatum. Confutatio. Possibly this is the work Semisch, however (Book ii. Sect. i. c. 4), who, with
described by Photius (Bibl. cod. 1.25) as written Grabe and Otto, contends for the genuineness of
against the first and second books of the Physics of the fragment, which he vindicates against the obAristotle. Its spuriousness is generally admitted; jections of Tillemont, Le Nourry, Maran, Neauder,
scarcely any critics except Cave, and perhaps Grabe, and others, thinks it was an independent work.
contend that it belongs to Justin; but its date is 15. 4PdA'Ar?, Psaltes, a work, the nature of which
very doubtful, and its real authorship unknown. is not known; and 16. IIepl uovXis, De Aznina,