A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

JUSTINUS. JUSTINUS..683
old man, of meek and venerable aspect, by whom ran ifi A. D. 168. Papebroche (Acta Saactorum,
he was convinced that Plato, although the most Aprilt. vol. ii. p. 107), assigning the, Apologia Seillustrious of the heathen philosophers, was either cunda of Justin to the year 171, contends that he
unacquainted with many things, or had erroneous must have lived to or beyond that time. Dodwell;
notions of them; and he was recommended to the on the contrary, following the erroneous statement
study of the Hebrew prophets, as being men who, of Eusebius in his Chronicon, places his death in
guided by the Spirit of God, had alone seen and the reign of Antoninus Pius; and Epiphanius, acrevealed the truth, and had foretold the coming of cording to the present reading of the passage althe Christ. The conversation of this old man with ready referred to, which is most likely corrupt,
Justin, which is narrated with considerable fulness places it in the reign of the emperor Hadrian or
by the latter (Dial. cuns Tryph. c. 3, &c.), led to Adrian, a manifest error, as the Apologia Prinma is
Justin's conversion. He had, while a Platonist, addressed to Antoninus Pius, the successor of Haheard of the calumnies propagated against the drian, and the second probably to Marcus Aurelius
Christians, but had hardly been able to credit and L. Verus, who succeeded Antoninus. The
them. (Apolog. Secunda, c. 12.) The date of his death of Justin has been very commonly ascribed
conversion is doubtful. The Bollandists place it (comp. Tatian, contra Graeeos, c. 19; Euseb.
in A. D. 119; Cave, Tillemont, Ceillier, and others, H. E.. iv. 16, and Cihron. Pasclhale), to the main A. D. 133; and Halloix about A. D. 140. chinations of the Cynic philosopher Crescens. The
Whether Justin had lived wholly at Flavia enmity of Crescens, and Justin's apprehension of
Neapolis before his conversion is not quite clear: injury from him, are mentioned by Justin himself
that it had been his chief place of abode we have (Apolog. Secunda, c. 3); but that Crescens really
every reason to believe. Otto conjectured, fiom a had any concern in his death is very doubtful.
passage in his works (Cohortat. ad Graec. c. 13), [CRESCENS.] Justin has been canonized by the
that he had studied at Alexandria; but, from the Eastern and Western churches: the Greeks celecircumstance that while in that city he had seen brate his memory on the 1st June; the Latins on
with interest the remains of the cells built, accord- the 13th April. At Rome the church of S. Lorenzo
ing to the Jewish tradition, for the authors of the without the walls, is believed to be the restingSeptuagint version of the Old Testament, we are place of his remains; but the church of the Jesuits
disposed to place his visit to Alexandria after his at Eystadt, in Germany, claims to possess his
conversion. He appears to have had while yet a body; there is, however, no reason to believe that
heathen an opportunity of seeing the firmness with either claim is well founded. The more common
which the Christians braved suffering and death epithet added to the name of Justin by the ancients
(Apol. Secunda, c. 12), but we have no means of is that of " the philosopher " (Epiphan. 1. c.; Euseb.
knowing where or on what occasion. Clhronicon, lib. ii.; Hieronym. de Vir. Illast. c. xxiii.;
Justin retained as a Christian the garb of a phi- ChlroZ. Paschale, 1. c.; Georgius Syncellus, pp. 350,
losopher, and devoted himself to the propagation, 351, ed. Paris, p. 279, ed. Venice; Glycas, Annal.
by writing and otherwise, of the faith which he pars iii. p. 241, ed. Paris, 186, ed. Venice, 449,
had embraced. Tillemont argues from the language ed. Bonn); that of "the martyr," now in general
of Justin (Apolog. Prinza, c. 61, 65) that he was a use, is employed by Tertullian (Adv. Valent. c. 5),
priest, but his inference is not borne out by the who calls him " philosoplhus et martyr;" by Phopassage; and though approved by Maran, is rejected tins (Biblioth. cod. 48, 125, 232), and by Joannes
by Otto, Neander, and Semisch. That he visited Daamascenus (Sacra Parall. vol. ii. p. 754, ed. Lemany places, in order to diffuse the knowledge of quien), who, like Tertullian, conjoins the two
the Christian religion, is probable (comp. Cohortat. epithets.
ad Graec. cc. 13, 34), and he appears to have made In our notice of the works of Justin Martyr we
the profession of a philosopher subservient to this adopt the classification of his recent editor, J.'C. T.
purpose. (Dialog. cam Tryphon. init.; Euseb. Otto, by whom they are divided into four classes.
HT. E. iv. 11; Phot. Bibl. cod. 125.) According I. UNDISPUTED WORKIS. 1.'Arohoyeia wrpa'Tr?
to what is commonly deemed the ancient record of t}re'p XpLrcTmZv, rpds'Avrwvo7ov'ohv Elreeij.
his martyrdom (though Papebroche considers it to Apologiaprimnapro Christianis ad Antoninum Pium.
narrate the death of another Justin), he visited In the only two known MSS. of the Apologies, and
Rome twice. On his second visit he was appre- in the older editions of Justin, e. g. that of Stephahended, and brought before the tribunal of Rus- nus, fol. Paris, 1551, and thatof Sylburg, fol. Heidelticus, who held the office of praefectus urbi; and burg, 1593, this is described as his Second Apology.
as he refused to offer sacrifice to the gods, he was It is the longer of the two Apologies, and is one of
sentenced to be scourged and beheaded; which sen- the most interesting remains of Christian antiquity.
tence appears to have been immediately carried It is addressed to the emperor Antoninus Pius and
into effect. Several other persons suffered with to his adopted sons "Verissimus the Philosopher,"
him. Papebroche rejects this account of his mar- afterwards the emperor M. Aurelius, and " Lucius
tyrdom, and thinks his execution was secret, the Philosopher" (we follow the common reading,
so that the date and manner of it were never not that of Eusebius), afterwards the emperor Verus,
known: the Greek Jlenaea (a. d. 1 Junii) state colleague of M. Aurelius. From the circumstance
that he drank hemlock. His death is generally that " Verissimus" is not styled Caesar, which digconsidered to have taken place in the persecution nity he acquired in the course of A. D. 139, it is
under the emperor Marcus Antoninus; and the inferred by many critics, including Pagi, Neander,
Chronicon Paschale, (vol. i. p. 258, ed. Paris, 207, Otto, and Semisch, that the Apology was written
ed. Venice, 482, ed Bonn), which is followed by previously, and probably early in that year. EuTillemont, Baronius, Pagi, Otto, and other moderns, sebius places it in the fourth year of Antoninus, or
places it in the consulship of Orphitus and Pudens, the first year of the 230th Olympiad, A. D. 141,
A. D. 165; Dupin and Semisch place it in A. D. which is rather too late. Others contend for a
166, Fleury in A. D. 167, and Tillemont and Ma- later date still. Justin himself, in the course of