A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

JUSTINIANUS. JUSTINIANUS. 67i
that they consequently indicate the number 72. is very remarkable in the history of the Eastern
In the time of Augustus forty gold coins (aurei or empire. The civil wars by which the empire of
solidi) were equal to a pound; but as these coins the Arabs was shaken compelling the khalif to
were struck lighter and lighter, it was at length cease making war without his realm, in order to
enacted by Valentinian I. in A.D. 367 (Cod. 10. obtain peace within, he bound himself to pay a
tit. 72 (70), s. 5), that henceforth 72 solidi should daily "tribute of 1000 pieces of gold, one slave,
be coined out of a pound of gold; and we accord- and one horse of noble breed." The emperor in his
ingly find CONOB for the first time on the coins of turn ceded to the khalif one moiety of the income
the latter emperor. of Armenia, Iberia (in the Caucasus), and Cyprus,
In the reign of Justinian the custom was first which were henceforth held in joint occupancy by
introduced of indicating on the coins the number of the two monarchs, and he promised to employ his
the year of the emperor's reign. This practice be- forces and authority in compelling the Mardaites or
gan in the twelfth year of Justinian's reign, and Maronites, in Mount Lebanon, to refrain from moexplains the reason why Justinian enacted, in the lesting the Arabs. This promise was a great
eleventh year of his reign, that in future all official political blunder, the consequences of which are
documents were to contain in them the year of the still feltby the inhabitants of the Lebanon and Syria.
emperor's reign. (Novella, 47.) In the same year Leontius, one of the most distinguished.generals of
another change was made in the coins. Hitherto the Greeks, and afterwards emperor, having been
they had represented the emperor as a warrior with charged with executing the treaty in the case of
a lance; but Justinian, who carried on his wars by the Maronites, assassinated their chief Joannes,
means of his generals, and who was more interested compelled the people to take the oath of allegiance,
personally in legislation, theological disputes, and and persuaded 10,000 Maronites to leave their napublic buildings, caused himself to be represented tive mountains with their wives and children, and
with the imperial globe and no longer as a warrior. to settle in Thrace and Armenia. Until then the
The drawing below represents a medal of Justi- Christian Maronites had been a barrier against the
nian, which was found by the Turks among the; progress of the Arabs in these quarters, and no
ruins of Caesareia, in Cappadocia, in the year 1751. sooner were they thus dispersed than the MohamIt was carried to Constantinople, where it was medans obtained a firm footing in the Taurus and
bought by Desalleurs, who presented it to Louis Anti-Taurus, and found themselves enabled to inXV. It was stolen from the royal collection at vade Asia Minor at their leisure. It is true the
Paris, in the year 1832, but an engraving of it had. Maronites never lost their independence entirely,
been previously given by De Boze, in the MnVzoires but other tribes, hostile to them, settled in
de l'Icadc mie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, vol. Lebanon; and they continued to be what they
xxvi. p, 523. Its loss is the more to be deplored, still are, an outpost surrounded by the enemies of
as it is the only specimen known to be in existence. Christianity, scarcely able to maintain themselves
The obverse represents the head of Justinian with on their native rocks, and unable to make a step
the legend D N IVSTINIANVS PP AVG: he wears a beyond them.
richly adorned helmet, behind which is the nimbus, It was expected that the energy which young
and holds in his right hand a spear. On the re- Justinian had shown on many occasions would lead
verse the emperor is riding on a horse, adorned him to perform great and good actions; but his
with pearls; the helmet, the nimbus, the spear, bad character soon became manifest, and caused
and the dress, correspond to the representation on a universal and deep disappointment throughout
the obverse: before him walks Victory, looking his dominions. Instead of establishing peace in
round at him, and carrying in her left hand a the church, he caused new dissensions through his
-trophy: by the side of Justinian's head a star ap- intolerance: the Manichaeans were cruelly perpears. The legend is SALVS ET GLORIA ROMANO- secuted; many thousands were put to death by
RVM. This medal was struck probably in the early the sword or by fire; and the remainder were
years of the emperor's reign, as the face is-that of driven into merciless exile. In 688 he broke the
a young man, and the obverse resembles what we peace with the Bulgarians, and obtained a splendid
find on the early coins of Justinian. De Boze victory over them; but having allowed himself to
thinks that it has reference to the Persian vic- be surprised by another army, he was totally
tories. routed, lost half of his troops, and fled in confusion
-"O o to Constantinople. About the same time the Arabs
set out for their fourth invasion of'Africa. Justi/I,.ot~.~.....f.. ~ ///J**:'~?%~~~'~x~\ nian exerted himself with great activity in opposing
ril'4b atheir designs; a numerous fleet carrying a strong
(I ~. s 0 \)< ^<t~v~g Ibody of troops, left Constantinople, and, being
r,einforced by the garrisons of Sicily, compelled
/the Arabs to retreat in haste to their native country../4 Instead of availing himself of his success, Justinian!~s foolishly gave up his joint occupancy of Cyprus,
which was forthwith seized by the Arabs, who,
encouraged by the strange conduct of the emperor,
MEDAL OF JUSTINIAN I. invaded Asia Minor and Mesopotamia in 692, and
JUSTINIA'NUS II., surnamed RHINO- in the following year conquered all Armenia. JusTME'TUS (he whose nose is cut off), emperor of tinian consoled himself with pleasures, and found
the East (A. D. 685 —695 and 704-711), suc- relief in torturing his subjects.. His luxury, esceeded his father Constantine IV. Pogonatus, in pecially his love of erecting magnificent buildings,
the month of September, A. D. 685, at the age of in which he rivalled his great namesake Justinian
sixteen. Soon after his accession he made a truce I., involved him in extraordinary expenses, and
of ten years with the khalif'Abdu-l-manlek, which Ithe art of inventing new taxes soon became his
x 2