A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

674 JUSTINIAN US. JUSTINIAN US.
and elaborate information upon this subject. G. E. and finally settled by Accursius. It is of great
Heimbach's essay, De Oigine et Fatis Corporis practical importance, since, in the countries which
quod clvviii. Novellis Constitutionibus constat (8vo. adopted the civil law, the portions without the gloss
Lips. 1844), contains some questionable views. did not possess legal authority in the courts. Quod
Mortreueil has treated of the Novells in his His- non recipitglossa, id non recipit curia, was the general
toire du Droit Byzantin, vol. i. pp. 25-60. maxim. All the editions up to that of Claud. CheThe separate Novells were designated by the vallon (12mo. Paris, 1525-1527) have the gloss.
glossators by the nameAuthenticae,but that word has The latest glossed edition is that of J. Fehius.
also another signification, which it is necessary to (Lugd. 1627.) This celebrated edition has on the
explain, in order to prevent the mistakes which have title-page of every volume (in allusion to the place of
sometimes occurred in consequence of this verbal its publication, Lyons) the representation ofa living
ambiguity. In their lectures on the Institutes and lion, surrounded by bees, with the motto Ex fordt
the first nine books of the Code, the earliest glos- dulcedo. Hence it is known by the name Edition
sators were accustomed to insert in the margin of du Lion Moucluete - a name also given to one of
their copies abbreviated extracts from such parts of the previous editions of D. Gothofredus. (Fol. Lugd.
the Novells as-made alterations in the law contained 1589.) The very valuable index of Daoyz is apin the text. In reading the Digest, they referred pended as a sixth volume to the edition of J.
to the notes contained in the margin of the Code. Fehius. Of the unglossed editions, some have notes
At a later period these abstracts were discontinued and some have none. Of the unglossed editions
in the Institutes. In the Code they were taken with notes, the two most celebrated and useful are
from the margin, and placed under the text, where that of D. Godefroi and Van Leeuwen (2 vols. fol.
they still appear, distinguished by Italic type in apud Elzeviros, Amst. 1663), and that of Gebauer
most of the modern editions. They are called and Spangenberg (2 vols. 4to. Gotting. 1776, 1797).
Anuthenticae either, as some assert, from their repre- Of the editions without notes the most beautiful
senting the latest authentic state of the law, or and convenient is the well-known, but not very
from the name of the source whence they were correct 8vo. Elzevir of 1664, distinguished as the
taken, and which, in practice, they nearly super- Pars Secundus edition, from an error in p. 150.
seded. Certain capitularies of Frederic I. and Two editions by Beck, one in 4to. and one in 5
Frederic IL, emperors of Germany, about the end vols. 8vo., were published at Leipzig in 1825of the 12th century, were treated by the glossators 1836. The latest edition is that which was comas Novells, and thirteen extracts taken from them menced by the brothers Kriegel in 1833, and coinare inserted in the Code, with the inscription pleted in 1840, Hermanni having edited the Code,
"Nova Constitutio Frederici." They are known and Osenbriiggen the Novells. The edition underby the name Autlenticae Fredericianae. taken by Schrader and other eminent scholars will,
The collections of Justinian, together with some if completed as it has been begun, supersede for
later appendages, formed into one great work, are some purposes all that have gone before it. The
commonly known by the name Corpus Juris Civilis. old editions of Contius, Russardus, Charondas and
The later appendages are really arbitrary and mis- Pacius, are sought for by critics. A more complete
placed additions, having no proper connection with enumeration of the editions of the collective Corpus
the law of Justinian, and they vary in different Juris Civilis will be found in Bicking's Institutieditions. They consist, for the most part, of a onen, p. 85-88.
collection of constitutions of Leo the Philosopher, There is a French translation of the whole
anterior to A. D. 893; of some other constitutions Corpus, with the Latin text en regard, published
of Byzantine emperors, from the 7th to the 14th at Paris 1805-1811. In this work we have:
century; of the so-called Canones Sanctorum Apos- 1. The Institutes, by Hulot, 1 vol. 4to. or 5 vols.
tolorum; of the Feudorusm Consuetudines; a few 8vo.; 2. The Digest, by Hulot and Berthelot, 7
constitutions of German and French monarchs; vols. 4to. or 35 vols. 12mo.; 3. The Code, by
and the Liber de Pace Constantiae. Tissot, 4 vols. 4to. or 18 vols. 12mo.; 5. The NoThe expression Corpus Juris was employed by vells, by Berenger, 2 vols. 4to. or 10 vols. 12mo.,
Justinian himself (Cod. 5. tit. 13. s. 1); but the to which is appended, 6. La Clef des Lois Romaines,
earliest editions of the whole of his legal collections ou Dictionnaire, &c., 2 vols. 4to. There is also a
have no single title. Russardus first chose the title German translation of the whole Coipus, by a
Jus Civile. The modern name Corpus Juris Civilis society of savans, edited by C. E. Otto, Bruno
appears first in D. Godefroi's edition of 1583, Schilling, and C. F. F. Sintenis (7 vols. 8vo. Lips.
though the phrase had been employed by others 1830-1833). [J. T. G.]
before him. The old glossed editions consist of
five volumes, folio (usually bound in five different
colours), namely: 1. Digestum Vetus; 2. Inforti- The coins of Justinian, which are very numeatum; 3. Digestum Novuna; 4. The Codex, i. e. rous, have been explained in an interesting monothe first nine books of the Code; 5. Volumen, or gram entitled, "Die Ml'inzen Justinians, mit
Vo!uenn Parvum, or Volumenzn Legum Parvun%, sechs Kupfertafeln," by M. Pinder and J. Friedcontaining the Tres Libri, the Autlsenticae, and the hinder, Berlin, 1843. These writers give a satisInstitutiones. The latter had a separate title-page, factory explanation of the letters CONOB, which
and was sometimes bound as a separate volume, frequently appear on the coins of the Byzantine
distinct from the Volumen. This arrangement was emperors, and which have given rise to much disfirst departed from by R. Stephanus in his edition pute. That CON should be separated from on, and
of the Digest in five instead of three volumes (8vo. and that they signify Constantinople, seems clear
Paris, 1527-1528). The editions of the Corpus from the legends AQOBi, TESOB, and TROB, which
Juris Civilis may be divided into the glossed and indicate respectively the towns of Aquileia, Thessathe unglossed. The gloss is an annotation which lonica, and Treves. The above-mentioned writers
wag gradually formed in the school of Bologna, suppose that on represent the Greek numerals, and