A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

JULIANUS. JULIANUS.: 649
ism to Christianity, as well as his enthusiastic Antioch, with occasional ironical confessions of the
love of the new Platonic philosophy. 3. EtieeCas author's own faults, who was induced to write this
~Tjs BaahiTAos'E7YKC0ULov, an encomium on the em- amusing piece during his stay at Antioch, as menpress Eusebia, the patroness of Julian: ed. Peta- tioned above. Julian chose the title MLoo7roayov
vius, Paris, 1614, 8vo. 4. Eis Try Baosalea"Hhov, because the inhabitants of Antioch, being accusan oration on the worship of the sun, addressed to tomed to shave themselves, ridiculed Julian, who
Sallustius, his old military councillor and friend, allowed his beard to grow, in the ancient fashion.
first in Gaul and afterwards in Germany: ed. by Editions: by Petrus Martinius, Paris, 1567, 8vo.,
Theodorus Marcilius, Paris, 1583. 8vo.; by Vin- 1583, 8vo.; by H. I. Lasius, together with the
centius IMarinerius, Madrid, 1625, 8vo. 5. Els Caesares, and a German translation of both, Greifs-')71V 7lTerpa Tr~C O~esv, an oration on the mother wald, 1770, 8vo.; there are also English, French,
of gods (Cybele): Julian visited the temple of and German translations of the Misopogon. The
Cybele at Pessinus, and restored her worship. 6. following English translations of some of the minor
Els roV's dcra&sev'ovy KMvas; and 7. IIpis'Hpd- productions of Julian are worthy of mention:
IKAeiov KvvLKdv, reppl'oi wrcs KvvorTeos, Kal etl " Julian's Letter to the Bostrens," translated by
7rpsres fr' Kvvl IuAOovs 7rpcrreLv, two orations on the Earl of Shaftesbury, in his " Characteristics,"
true and false Cynicism, the latter addressed to the London, 1733, 12mo.; two Orations of the EmCynic Heracleius. 8.'Ewrl'?rp eftoJ'oe dyaOo- peror Julian, viz. to the Sun, and to the Mother
rcirou ElaAAover'oiv 7rapapyOUq7TKIOs, a letter to the of the Gods, with notes, &c.. London, 1793, 8vo.
aforesaid Sallustius, in which he consoles himself The English literature is rich in works on Julian.
and his friends on the recal of Sallustius, by the IV. Poems. Three epigrams of little importemperor Constantius, from Gaul to the East. 9. A ance, in the " Anthologia Graeca," and a fourth,
letter, or more correctly dissertation, addressed to discovered by Boissonade, in the " Analecta," and
his former tutor, the philosopher Themistius, on the in Heyler's edition of Julian's Letters.
difficulty the author thinks he would experience in V. Lost Works. The nlost important is, Ka'r
showing himself so perfect an emperor as Themis- Xp'latravy, a refutation of the Christian religion,
tius expected. in seven books, according to Hieronymus,'alIII. Other Works. 1. Kaioaapes I Yvulm7rjo'0v, though Cyrill only speaks of three. These three
the " Caesars or the Banquet," a satirical com- books were directed against the dogmatical part of
position, which Gibbon justly calls one of the most the Christian religion, as contained in the Gospels;
agreeable and instructive productions of ancient and it is against this part of the work that Cyrill
wit. Julian describes the Roman emperors ap- wrote his famous work'T74rp TS TicY XpLrTiaproaching one after the other to take their seat vcs evayovos.Sp7rKetas, 7rps i.l TroO 4 ciaeo's
round a table placed in the heavens; and as they'IovAiavo3, which is separately printed in Spanheim's
come up, their faults, vices, and crimes, are cen- edition of the works of Julian. All the copies
sured with a sort of bitter mirth by old Silenus, of Julian's work which could be found were dewhereupon each Caesar defends himself as well as stroyed by order of the emperor Theodosius II., and
he can, that is, as well as Julian allows him to do; the whole would have been lost for ever but for
but in this Julian shows much partiality, especially Cyrill, who gives extracts from the three first
towards Constantine the Great and other members books in his refutation of Julian. But these extracts
of the imperial family. Alexander the Great also are far from giving an adequate idea of the work.
appears. He and other great heroes at last ac- Cyrill confesses that he had not ventured to copy
knowledge that a royal philosopher is greater than several of the weightiest arguments of the author.
a royal hero, and the piece finishes with a great The Kafct Xporliavyiv was likewise refuted by
deal of praise bestowed upon Julian by himself. Apollinaris, whose A-oyos ~drcp drl0eias Ka7r
There are manv editions and translations of this'IovKxavoi, however, is lost, as are the refutations
remarkable production. Of these, the most im- of Photius and Philippus of Sida. The marquis
portant are the text with a Latin translation by d'Argens, a chamberlain to Frederic the Great,
C. Cantoclarus, Paris, 1577, 8vo., the Editio Prin- king of Prussia, translated the extracts made by
ceps; the same, Ibid. 1583, 8vo.; the same, corrected Cyrill, and tried to complete them, according to
by Frederic Sylburg, in the third volume of his some, at the suggestion of his master. The title of
Roi:.4nae Historiae Scriptores Minores, and sepa- the translation is, "Defense du Paganisme par
rately, Frankfort, 1590, fol.; by Petrus Cunaeas, l'Empereur Julien, en Grec et en FranVais," &c.
with an elegant Latin translation, Leyden, 1612, &c., Berlin, 1764, 8vo.; lb. (Geneva), 1768, 8vo.;
12mo., 1632, 12mo.; the same with the notes of lb. 1769, 2 vols. 8vo. The marquis was any thing
Cellarius, Leipzig, 1693, 8vo., 1735, 8vo. The but a Christian, and his opinions on Julian and
best editions are by J. M. Heusinger, Gotha, 1736, Paganism were attacked by G. F. Meier in his
8vo., 1741, 8vo., and by Harless, the editor of " Beurtheilung der Betrachtungen des Marquis
Fabricius, Bibl. Graeca, Erlangen, 1785, 8vo. An d'Argens Uiber Julian," Halle, 1764, 8vo.; by W.
English translation of the Caesares, the Misopogon, Crichton," Betrachtungen iiber den AbfallJulian's;"
and several other productions of Julian, is contained and by others. Other lost works of Julian are:
in " Select Works of the Emperor Julian, and some IIepl rcrv TpLr eJv X-m'o7wr; rIepi TOO 7ro'erv Ta
Pieces of the SophistLibanius, &c.,with Notes from tcaaKa Ka'C T'rods draaev'rovs; Tca KaXovtxeCva
Petav, La B16terie, Gibbon, &c., and a translation KpdvLa; Memoirs on his Campaigns in Germany;
of La Blterie's Vie de Jovien, by John Dlmcombe," his Journal, in which he used to write down the
London, 1784, 8vo. Several French, German, events of every day; and others, especially many
Italian, and Dutch translations are mentioned by letters.
Fabricius. - Julian composed his'works in the following
2.'AYvLOXItCas, Mluoorci'yc, "the Antiochian, or chronological order:-The Encomia on Constantius;
the Enemy of the Beard,"a severe satire on the licen- the Encomium on the Empress Eusebia, not before
tious and effeminate manners of the. inhabitants of A. D.. 356; the Letter to Sallustius, in A. D. 360;