A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

648 JULIANUS. JULIANUS.
He took the direction of the province of Coiduene. his contemporaries, and we trace in his writings the
The Persians now appeared: swarms of light influence of the Platonists no less than that of
horse were seen hovering round the army; larger Plato, Aristotle, Thucydides, and so many other
bodies followed, and ere long Sapor, with his main writers of the golden age. There is, however, one
army, came in sight, and harassed fearfully the circumstance which reconciles the reader to many
rear of the Romans. Still the Romans remained of the author's defects: Julian did not merely
victorious in many a bloody engagement, especially write for writing's sake, as so many of-his contemat Maronga; but it was in the month of June, and poraries did, but he shows that he had his subjects
the oppressive heat, and the want of water and really at heart, and that in literature as well as in
provisions had a pernicious effect upon the troops. business his extraordinary activity arose from the
On the 26th of June the Roman rear was suddenly wants of a powerful mind, which desired to improve
assailed by the Persians, and Julian, who com- itself and the world. In this respect Julian excites
roanded the van, hastened to the relief of the rear our sympathy much more, for instance, than the
without his cuirass, the heat making a heavy rhetorician Libanius.
alanour almost insupportable. The Persians were The following are the editions of the entire works
repulsed, and fled in confusion. Julian was pursu- of Julian:-Juliani Inmperatoris Opera qzuae extant,
ing them with the utmost bravery, when in the with a Latin translation by P. Martinius and C. Canmiddle of the m6dle he was shot by an arrow, that toclarus, and the author's life by Martinius, Paris,
pierced through his liver. He fell from his horse 1583,8vo.: Juliani Opera, quae quidern reperiri pomortally wounded, and was conveyed to his tent. tuerant, omnia, Paris, 1630, 4to., by Petavius, with
Feeling his death approaching, he took leave of his notes and a Latin translation. A better edition than
friends with touching words, but certainly not with either of the two preceding is:-Juliani Imperathat fine and elegant speech with which Ammianus toris Opera, quae supersunt omnia, Leipzig, 1696, fol.,
Marcellinus (xxv. 3) makes him bid farewell to by Ezechiel Spanheim, who perused an excellent cothe world.: dex, which enabled him to publish a much purer text
Jovian was chosen emperor in his stead, on the than Petavius, and he added the notes of Petavius
field of battle. [JOVIANUS.] and his translation, which he corrected, as well as
We cannot enter into a long description of Ju- an excellent commentary of his own. This edition
lian's character. His talents, his principles, and contains 63 letters of Julian. Spanheim further
his deeds, were alike extraordinary. His pride was added to it S. Cyrilli, Aleaandrini Archliepiscopi,
to be called by others and by himself a philosopher, contra impium Julianumn Libri Decem, which is the
yet many facts prove that he was very superstitious. more valuable as Cyrillus was one of the most able
Most Christian writers abused and calumniated adversaries of Julian, as is mentioned below. The
him because he abandoned Christianity: if they following is a list of Julian's works, with the prinhad pitied him they would have acted more in ac- cipal separate editions of each:cordance with that sublime precept of our religion, I. Letters. The first collection, published by
which teaches us to forgive our enemies. It must Aldus, Venice, 1499, 4to., contains only 48 letters;
ever be recollected that the bigotry, the hypocrisy, Spanheim published 63 in his edition of the works
and the uncharitableness, of the majority of the of Julian; others were found in later times, fouar of
Christians of Julian's time, were some of the prin- which are printed in Fabricius, Bibliotls. Graec.;
cipal causes that led to his apostacy, In reading the last and best edition is by L. H. Heyler, Mainz,
the ancient authorities, the student ought to bear 1828, 8vo.; it contains 83 letters, with a Latin
in mind that the heathen writers extol Julian far translation and a commentary of the editor. There
too high, and that the Christians debase him far are besides some fragments of lost letters. Among
too low. the letters of Julian, there is also one which was
Julian was great as an emperor, unique as a written to him by his brother Gallus, in A. D. 353,
man, and remarkable as an author. He wrote an who advises him to remain faithful to the Christian
immense number of works, consisting of orations religion. The authenticity of several letters is conon various subjects, historical treatises, satires, tested. They treat on various subjects, and are of
and letters: most of the latter were intended for great importance for the history of the time. One,
public circulation. All these works are very ela- which was addressed to the senate and people of
borately composed, so much so as to afford a fa- Athens, and in which the author explains the motiguing and monotonous reading to those who peruse tives of his having taken up arms against the emthem merely for their merits as specimens of Greek peror Constantius, is an interesting and most imliterature; but they are at the same time very im- portant historical document.
portant sources for the history and the opinions of II. Orations. 1.'Eyiccd1coev rpOs'ra aCvToKpdthe age on religion and philosophy. Julian also ropa Kwv-arTdV'-lolv, with a Latin translation by
tried to write poetry, but he was no poet: he Petavius, Paris, 1614, 8vo.: an encomium of the
lacks imagination, and his artificial manner of em- emperor Constantius, in which Julian is not conbellishing prose shows that he had no poetical sistent with his usual feelingsof contempt and hatred
vein. He was a man of reflection and thought, but towards that emperor. In general Julian speaks
possessed no creative genius. His style is remark- very badly of the whole imperial family, and even
ably pure for his time, and shows that he had not Constantine the Great does not escape his severe
only studied the classical Greek historians and phi- censure. Wyttenbach, in the work quoted below, has
losophers, but had so far identified himself with his written some excellent observations on this work. 2.
models, that there is scarcely a page in his works Ilepl Trcv AJro0KpdTopor IpdfeEW,, 4 7repL BaoLAeiEas,
where we do not meet with either reminiscences two orations on the deeds and the reign of the emfrom the classical writers, or visible efforts to express peror Constantius, which are of great importance
his ideas in the same way as they did. With this for the knowledge of the time: in the complete
painful imitation of his classical models he often editions, Julian wrote these orations in Gaul, and
unites the exaggerated and over-elaborate style of betrays in many a passage his preference of pagan