A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

646' JULIANUS. JULIANUS.
tity of corn thus exported from England has been Antioch, from whence he had superintended the
calculated at 120,000 quarters, and it has been Persian war. Informed of his plans, Julian rejustly observed that the state of agriculture in this solved to thwart them by quickness and energy.
country must have been in an advanced condition, At Basel on the Rhine he divided his army into two
since so much corn could be exported nearly alto- corps: one, commanded by Novitta, was to march
gether at the same time. Julian bestowed the through Rhaetia and Noricum; the other, under
same care upon the other provinces of Gaul, and the orders of Jovius and Jovinus, was to cross the
the country evidently recovered under his admi- Alps and march through the north-eastern corner of
nistration, although the power with which he was Italy: both divisions were to unite at Sirmium, a
invested was by no means extensive enough to town on the Savus, now Save. Julian, at the head
check the system of rapacity and oppression which of a small but chosen body of 3000 veterans, plunged
characterises the government of the later Roman into the wildernesses of the Marcian, now Black
emperors. His usual residence was *Paris: he Forest; and for some time the rival of Constantius
caused the large island in the Seine, which is now seemed to be lost in those dark glens whence issue
called lPile de la Cite, and whereupon stood ancient the sources of the Danube. But when Novitta,
Paris or Lutetia, to be surrounded by a stone wall Jovius and Jovinus arrived at Sirmium, they beand towers, and he built the Thermae Juliani, a held, to their joy and astonishment, the active
palace with baths, the extensive remains of which, Julian with his band, who had descended the
"les thermes de Julien," are still visible in the Danube and had already defeated the extreme ontRue de la Harpe, between the palace of Cluny and posts of Lucilian, the lieutenant of Constantius in
the School of Medicine. those regions.
While Julian became more and more popular in From Sirmium Julian moved upon Constantithe provinces entrusted to his administration, and nople: the officers of Constantius fled before him,
his fame was spreading all over the empire, Con- but the inhabitants received him with acclamations
stantius once more gave way to the suggestions of of joy; and at Athens, Rome, and other important
jealousy and distrust, and believed that Julian cities, he was either publicly or privately acknowaimed at popularity in order to gain for himself ledged as emperor, having previously sent explathe supreme authority.. It happened that in A. D. natory letters to the authorities of those distant
360 the eastern provinces were again threatened places. Informed of the unexpected appearance of
by the Persians. Constantius commanded Julian Julian on the Danube, Constantius set out from
to send to the frontiers of Persia four of his best Syria to defend his capital; and a terrible civil
legions and a number of picked soldiers from his war threatened to desolate Italy and the East,
other troops, apparently that he might be able to when Constantius suddenly died at Mopsocrene in
apprehend him, which it was impossible to do Cilicia, on the third of November, A. D. 361,
while he was surrounded by so many thousands of leaving the whole empire to the undisputed possesdevoted warriors. This order surprised Julian in sion of Julian. On the 11th of December followApril 360: to obey it was to expose Gaul to new ing, Julian made his triumphal entrance into Coninroads of the Germans, and Britain to the ra- stantinople. Shortly afterwards the mortal remains
vages of the Scots and Picts, whose incursions had of Constantius arrived in the Golden Horn, and
assumed such a dangerous character that Julian had were buried by Julian in the church of the Holy
just despatched Lupicinus to defend the island; Apostles with great solemnity and magnificence.
but to disobey the order was open revolt. His While Julian thus gave a Christian burial to the
soldiers also were unwilling to march into Asia; but body of his rival, he had long ceased to be a
Julian, notwithstanding the dangers that awaited Christian himself. According to Julian's own
him, resolved to obey, and endeavoured to persuade statement (Epist.' ii.), he was a Christian up to his
his troops to submit quietly to the will of their twentieth year; and the manner in which he
master.' His endeavours were in vain. In the praises his tutor, Mardonius, seems to imply that
night large bodies, of soldiers surprised the palace Mardonius and the philosopher Maximusfirst caused
of Julian, and proclaimed him emperor. He had him to love the religion of the ancient Greeks,
bid himself in his apartments; but they soon dis- without,'however, precisely estranging him from
covered him, dragged him, though respectfully, the Christian religion, which seems to have been
before the assembled troops, and compelled him to the effect of his study of the ancient Greek philoaccept the crown. Upon this he despatched Pen- sophers. The vile hypocrisy of the base and cruel
tadius and Eutherius with a conciliatory message Constantius, the conviction of Julian that Conto Constantius, in which, however, he positively stantine the Great had at first protected, and afterdemanded to be acknowledged as Augustus, and to wards embraced, Christianity from mere political
be invested with the supreme authority in those motives,: the persecuting spirit manifested equally
provinces over which he had ruled as Caesar, viz. by the Orthodox and Arians against one another,Gaul, Spain, and Britain. The conditions of Julian had also a great share in the conversion of Julian.
were haughtily declined; and after a considerable During ten years he dissembled his apostacy,
time had elapsed in fruitless negotiations, which which was, however, known to many of his friends,
Julian employed in making two more expeditions and early suspected by his own brother Gallus;
beyond the Rhine against the Franks and the and it was not till he had succeeded to the throne
Alemanni, he at last resolved to wage open war, that he publicly avowed himself a pagan. Our
and to march upon Constantinople. His army was space does not allow us to enter into the details
numerous and; well disciplined, and the frontier of his apostacy,. and we must refer the reader to
along the Rhine in an excellent state of defence: the sources cited below. His apostacy was no
his troops, who had refused leaving Gaul without sooner known than the Christians feared a cruel
him, now joyfully left it with him. Meanwhile, persecution, and the heathens hoped that paganism
Constantius likewise collected a strong army, and would be forced upon all who were not heathens
gave directions for the defence of his capital from but they were both disappointed by an edict of