A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

JULIAN US, JULIANUS. 645
lead a private life at Athens (A. D. 355). Athens in Dauphine), he set out in the spring of 356 to'
was then the centre of Greek learning, and there drive the barbarians back over the Rhine. In
Julian spent a short but delightful period in in- this campaign he fought against the Alemanni, the
tercourse with the most celebrated philosophers, invaders of Southern Gaul. He made their first
scholars, and artists of the time, and in the society acquaintance near Rheims, and paid dearly for it:.
of a company of young men who were devoted'to they fell unexpectedly upon his rear, and two
the pursuit of knowledge, and among whom was legions were cut to pieces. But as he nevertheless
Gregory Nazianzen, who became afterwards so advanced towards the Rhine, it seems that the
celebrated as a Christian orator. Among those principal disadvantage of his defeat was only a loss
learned men Julian was not the least in renown, of men. In the following spring (357) he intended
and he attracted universal attention both by his to cross the Rhine, and to penetrate into the
talents and his knowledge. The study of Greek country of the Alemanni; and he would have
literature and philosophy was his principal and executed his plan but for the strange conduct of
favourite pursuit. He had been brought up by the Roman general Barbatio, who was on his
Greeks and among Greeks, and his predilection for march from Italy with an army of 25,000, or
whatever was Greek was of course very natural; perhaps 30,000 men, in order to effect his junction
but he did not neglect Latin literature, and we with Julian. A sufficient number of boats was
learn from Ammianus Marcellinus (xvi. 5), that collected at Basel for the purpose of throwing a
he had a fair knowledge of the Latin language, bridge over the Rhine, and provisions were kept
which was then still spoken at the court of Con- there for supporting his troops, but Barbatio restantinople. While Julian lived in happy retire- mained inactive on the left bank, and proved his
ment at Athens, the emperor was bent down by treacherous designs by burning both the ships and
the weight of public affairs, and the empire being the provisions. In consequence of this, Julian
exposed to the invasions of the Persians in the east, was compelled to adopt the defensive, and the Aleand of the Germans and Sarmatians in the west manni, headed by their king Chnodomarius, crossed
and the north, he followed the advice of Eusebia, the Rhine, and took up a position near Strassburg
in opposition to his eunuchs, in conferring the rank (August, A. D. 357). Their army was 35,000
of Caesar upon Julian, who was accordingly re- strong: Julian had only 13,000 veterans; but
called friom Athens and summoned to Milan, where he did not decline the engagement, and, after
Constantius was residing. Julian obeyed reluc- a terrible conflict, he gained a decisive victory,.
tantly: the Greek Minerva had more charms for which was chiefly owing to the personal valour
him than the Roman Jupiter, and he was too well of the young prince. Six thousand of the barbaacquainted with the mythology of his ancestors rians remained on the field, perhaps as many were
not to know that even the embraces of Jupiter are slain in their flight or drowned in the Rhine, and
sometimes fatal. On the 6th of November, A. D. their king Chnodomarius was made prisoner. The
355, Julian was solemnly proclaimed Caesar, and loss of the Romans in this memorable battle is
received, as a guarantee of the emperor's sincerity, stated by Ammianus Marcellinus to have been
the hand of his sister Helena, who was the only 243 privates and four officers; but this is
youngest child of Constantine the Great. At the not credible. Chnodomarius was well treated by
same time he was invested with the government of Julian, who sent him to the court of Constantius.
the provinces beyond the Alps, but some time [CUsNODOMARIUS.]
elapsed before he set out for Gaul, where he was Immediately after this victory Julian invaded
to reside, and during this time he began to accus- the territory of the Alemanni on the right bank
tom himself to behave with that composure and of the. Rhine, but more for the purpose of exhibitartificial dignity which suited a person of his ing his power than of making any permanent
exalted station, but which corresponded so little conquests, for he advanced only a few miles, and
with his taste and habits. When he first entered then returned and led his troops against the
upon public life he was timid and clumsy, and he Franks, who had conquered the tract between the
used afterwards to laugh at his own awkwardness Scheldt, the Maas, and the Lower Rhine. Some
on those occasions. The internal peace of Gaul of the Frankish tribes he drove back into Germany,
was still suffering from the consequences of the and others he allowed to remain in Gaul, on conrevolt of Sylvanus, and her frontiers were assailed dition of their submitting to the Roman authority.
by the Germans, who had crossed the Rhine, Upon this he invaded Germany a second time, in
burnt Strassburg, Treves, Cologne, and many other 358, and a third time in 359,.in order to make
flourishing cities, and made devastating inroads the Alemanni desist from all further attempts
into the midland provinces of Gaul. Accustomed upon Gaul, and he not only succeeded, but returned
to the quiet occupations of a scholar, Julian seemed with 20,000 Romans, whom the Alemanni had
little fitted for the command in the field, but he taken, and whom he compelled them to give up.
found an experienced lieutenant in the person of The peace of Gaul being now established, Julian
the veteran general Sallustius, and the wisdom he exerted himself to rebuild the cities that.had been
had learned in the schools of Greece was not ruined on the frontiers of Germany: among those
merely theoretical philosophy, but virtue: tempe- rebuilt and fortified by him were Bingen, Anderrate-to the extreme, he despised the luxuries of a nach, Bonn, and Neuss, and, without doubt,
Roman court, and his food and bed were not better Cologne also, as this city had been likewise laid in
than those of a common soldier. In his adminis- ashes by the Germans. As the constant inroads
tration he was just and forbearing; and never dis- of the barbarians had interrupted all agricultural
couraged by adversity nor inflated by success, he pursuits in those districts, there was a great scarcity
showed himself'worthy to reign over others, be- of corn, but Julian procured an abundant supply
cause he could reign over himself. by sending six hundred barges to England, which
Julian arrived in Gaul late in A. D. 355, and, came back with a sufficient quantity for both
after having stayed the winter at Vienna (Vienne grinding and sowing. The minimum of the quaaTT 3