A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

644 JULIANUS. JULTAN US.
warded by Zosimus in 418 to the authorities of the The Epistola ad Demetriadem,.which really beChristian church throughout the world. This act longs to Pelagius [PELAGIUSI, and the Libellus
of contumacy, in which he was supported by many Fidei, published from a Verona MS. by Garnier,
prelates of Southern Italy and Sicily, was soon 8vo. Par. 1668, have been erroneously ascribed to.
followed by the banishment of himself and his ad- Julianus.
herents in terms of the imperial edict. Quitting (Gennad. de Vir. Illust. 45. Every thing that
his native country, he repaired to Constantinople, can be ascertained with regard to Julianus or his.but being driven from thence, took refuge in Cilicia productions will be found in the dissertations atwith Theodorus of Mopsuestia, with whom he re- tached to Garnier's edition of Marius Mercator,
mained for several years. In 428 we find him and in the annotations upon those works of -St.
again at Constantinople, patronised by Nestorius, Augustine directed specially against this heretic.
who addressed two letters to pope Coelestinus on See also Voss. Histor. Pelag. i. 6; Schilnemann,
behalf of the exile. But in 429 Marius Mercator Bibl. Patr. Lat. vol. ii. ~ 18, where much informarrived, and by the charges contained in the Com- ation is exhibited in a condensed form.) [W. R.]
monitosium [MARIUS MERCATOR], presented to JULIA'NUS, FLA'VIUS CLAU'DIUS, surTheodosius, procured the expulsion of the heretics named APOSTATA, "the Apostate," Roman emfrom the capital of the East. Having been formally peror, A.D. 361-363, was born at Constantinople on
condemned by the great council of Ephesus, in the 17th of November, A. n. 331 (332?). -le was
431, Julianus appears to have lived in obscurity the son of Julius Constantius by his second wife,
-until 439, when he made a last desperate effort to Basilina, the grandson of Constantius Chlorus by his
recover his station and privileges; but the attempt second wife, Theodora, and the nephew of Conhaving been frustrated by the firmness of Sixtus stantine the Great. [See the Genealogical Table,
IlI., his name from this time forward disappears Vol. I. pp. 831, 832.]
entirely from history, if we except the statement of Julian and his elder brother, Flavius Julius
Gennadius, who records that he died under Valen- Gallus, who was the son of Julius Constantius by
tinian, and therefore not later than A. n. 455, his first wife, Galla, were the only members of the
having previously swelled the number of his fol- imperial family whose lives were spared by Conlowers by distributing his whole fortune among the stantius II., the son of Constantine the Great,
poor, to alleviate their sufferings during a famine. when, upon his accession, he ordered the massacre
No work of Julianus undoubtedly genuine has of all the male descendants of Constantine Chlorus
been transmitted to us entire, and his merits as an and his second wife, Theodora; Both Gallus and
author are known only from mutilated fragments Julian were of too tender an age to be dangerous to
contained in the writings of his theological oppo- Constantius, who accordingly spared their lives,
nents. We find traces of the following:- but had them educated in strict confinement at difI Epistola ad Zosimum, composed probably in ferent places in Ionia and Bithynia, and after418, quoted by Marius Mercator in- the sixth and wards in the castle of Macellum near Caesareia;
ninth chapters of his Subnotationes [MARIUS MER- and we know from Julian's own statement in his
CATOR]. The different passages are collected and epistle to the senate and people of Athens, that,
arrauged by Garnier (Diss. V. ad Mar. Mercat. although they were treated with all the honours
vol. i. p. 333). 2. Epistola comrnunis ei cum plu- due to their birth, they felt most unhappy in their
rimnis Pelagianis episcopis quam Tliessalonicam mi- royal prison, being surrounded by spies who were
serunt. Such is the title given by St. Augustine to report the least of their words and actions to a
to the epistle which he undertook to refute, in four jealous and bloodthirsty tyrant. However, they
books, addressed to pope Bonifacius. The frag- received a careful and learned education, and were
ments will be found placed in order in Garnier's brought up in the principles of the Christian reliedition of Mercator. See above. 3. Libri -IV., ad gion: their teachers were Nicocles Luco, a gramTurbantium episcopum, adversus librumprimum Au- marian, and Ecebolus, a rhetorician, who acted
girstini de Concupiscentia, written about 419. Con- under the superintendence of the eunuch Mardosiderable fragments, of the first book especially, are nius, probably a pagan in secret, and of Eusebius,
included in the second book of Augustine, De an Arian, afterwards bishop of Nicomedeia. Gallus
Nuptiis, in his Libri VI. contra Julianum, and in was the first who was released from his slavery by
his Opus Imperfectum. (Garnier, App. ad Diss. being appointed Caesar in A. D. 351, and governor
VI'. de Scriptis pro Haeresi Pelagiana, p. 388, and of the East, and it was through his mediation that
Diss. VI. p. 349.) 4. Liber de Constantiae Bono Julian obtained more liberty. The conduct of Galcontra Perfidiam Manichwei, written, according to lus in his government, and his execution by ConGarnier, after the expulsion of Julianus from his stantius in A. D. 354, are detailed elsewhere..
bishopric. A few fragments have been preserved [CONSTANTIUS II., p. 848.] Julian was now in
by Beda. (See Garnier, as above;) 5. Libri VIII. great danger, and the emperor would probably have
ad Florum Episcopum adversus secundum librum sacrificed him to his jealousy but for the circumAugustini de NXqptiis et Concupiscentia, written, ac- stance that he had no male issue himself, and that
cording to Garnier, in Cilicia, and published about Julian was consequently the only other surviving
*426. The first five books, or perhaps six, are given male of the imperial family. Constantius was saentire in the Opus imperfectum of Augustine. tisfied with removing Julian from Asia to Italy,
(Garnier, Mercatoris Op. vol. i. p. 34.) 6. Liber and kept him for some time in close confinement
de Amore,sive Commentarius in Cantica Canticorum, at Milan, where he lived surrounded by spies, and
mentioned by Beda alone, who remarks that it was in constant fear of sharing the fate of his brother.
divided into two books, the first being devoted to Owing to the mediation of the empress Eusebia, an
a dissertation on Love, the second embracing the excellent woman, who loved Julian with the tendercommentary. For the fragments and various spe- ness of a sister, the young prince obtained an interculations concerning the history of this piece, see view with Constantius, and having succeeded in
Garnier, Append. ad Diss. VI. vol. i. p. 388. calming the emperor's suspicions, was allowed to