A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

638 JUGURTIHA. JUGURTHA.
futation, as it is clear that he was called Inde: frim. al lemant in the camp before Numantia, of the
giving information (indicium) respecting the con- venality and corruption of the Roman nobility: he.
spiracy. (Comp. Cic. ad Att. ii. 24, —Vettius ille, sent ambassadors to Rome-to eounteract by a lavish
ille noster index.) It would appear, from the obverse distribution of bribes the effect of the just comof the coin, that this T. Vettius Judex had an plaints of Adherbal; and by these means sucagnomen Sabinus. (Eckhel, v. p. 336.) ceeded in averting the indignation of the senate.
A decree was, however, passed for the division of
the kingdom of Numidia between the two com-'bv#~e~ D T >l > petitors, and a committee of senators sent to enforce its execution; but as soon as these arrived in
Africa, Jugurtha succeeded in gaining them over
by the same unscrupulous methods, and obtained
in the partition of the kingdom the western divi0.5>J sion, adjacent to Mauritania, by far the larger and
richer portion of the two (B. c. 117). But this adCOIN OF T. VETTIUS JUDEX. vantage was far from contenting him; and notwithstanding the obvious danger of disturbing an
JUGA or JUGA'LIS, that is, the goddess of arrangement so formally established by the Roman
marriage, occurs as a surname of Juno, in the same government, he directed all his efforts to the acsense as the Greek vrgia. She had a temple under quisition of the whole. For this purpose, he conthis name in the forum at Rome, below the capitol, tinually harassed the frontiers of the neighbouring
and the street which there took its commencement kingdom by predatory incursions, in hopes of
was called vicus Jugarius. (August. deCiv. Dei, iv. inducing Adherbal to repress these petty assaults
8, 11, vi. 9; Festus, p. 104, ed. Miiller.) [L. S.] by arms, and of thus obtaining an excuse for reJUGURTHA ('Iouvyoep~as or'Ioydpeaa), king presenting him as the aggressor. But this plan
of Numidia, was a grandson of Masinissa, being a being frustrated by the patience and steadiness
son of his youngest son, Mastanabal; but on ac- with which Adherbal adhered to a pacific and decount of his illegitimate birth, his mother being fensive system, Jugurtha at length threw aside all
only a concubine, he was neglected by his grand- restraint, and invaded his territories with a large
father, and remained in a private situation so long army. Adherbal was defeated in the first conflict,
as Masinissa lived. But when Micipsa succeeded his camp taken; and he himself with difficulty made
to the throne (B. c. 149), he adopted his nephew, his escape to the strong fortress of Cirta. Here he
and caused him to be brought up with -his own was closely blockaded by Jugurtha; but before the
sons, Hiempsal and Adherbal. Jugurtha quickly latter could make himself master of the town, an
distinguished himself both by his abilities and his embassy arrived from Rome to interpose, and comskill in all bodily exercises, and rose to so much pel both parties to desist from hostilities. Jugurtha,
favour and popularity with the Numidians, that he however, succeeded in putting off the deputies with
began to excite the jealousy of Micipsa, who be- fair words; and as soon as they had quitted Africa,
came apprehensive lest he should eventually sup- pressed the siege more vigorously than before. A
plant his two sons. In order to remove him to a second deputation from Rome arrived soon after,
distance, and not without a hope that he might at the head of which was M. Aemilius Scaurus, a
perish in the war, Micipsa sent him, in B. C. 134, man of the highest dignity; but though Jugurtha
with an auxiliary force, to assist Scipio against obeyed their summons, and presented himself before
Numantia: but this only proved to the young man them. accompanied only by a few horsemen, he did
a fresh occasion of distinction: by his zeal, courage, not raise the siege of Cirta; and the ambassadors,
and ability, he gained the favour not only of his after many fruitless threats, were obliged to quit
commander, but of all the leading nobles in the Africa without accomplishing the object of their
Roman camp, by many of whom he was secretly mission. Hereupon the garrison of Cirta surrenstimulated to nourish ambitious schemes for ac- dered, on a promise of their lives being spared:
quiring the sole sovereignty of Numidia; and not- but these conditions were shamefully violated by
withstanding the contrary advice of Scipio, these Jugurtha, who immediately put to death Adherbal
counsels seem to have sunk deep into the mind of and all his followers, B. c. 112.
Jugurtha. On his return he was received with Indignation was now loud at Rome against the
every demonstration of honour by Micipsa; nor Numidian king: yet so powerful was the influence
did he allow his ambitious projects to break forth of those whose favour he had gained by his larduring the lifetime of the old man. Micipsa, on gesses, that he would probably have prevailed upon
his death-bed, though but too clearly foreseeing the senate to overlook all his misdeeds, had not one
what would -happen, commended the two young of the tribunes, C. Memmius, by bringing the
princes to the care of Jugurtha: but at the very matter before the people, compelled the senators to
first interview which took place between them assume a more lofty tone. War was accordingly
after his decease (B. c. 118), their dissensions declared against him, and one of the consuls, L.
broke out with the utmost fierceness. Shortly Calpurnius Bestia, landed in Africa with a large
after, Jugurtha found an opportunity to surprise army, and immediately proceeded to invade Nuand assassinate Hiempsal in his lodging at Thir- midia. But Jugurtha, having failed in averting
mida [HIEMPSAL]; -whereupon Adherbal and his the war by his customary arts, next tried their
partisans rushed to arms, but were defeated in effect upon the general sent against him. The
battle-by Jugurtha; and Adherbal himself fled for avarice of Bestia rendered him easily accessible to
refuge to. the Roman province, from whence he these designs; and by means of large sums of
hastened to Rome, to lay his cause before the money given to him and M. Scaurus, who acted as
senate. Jugurtha had now the opportunity, for his principal lieutenant, Jugurtha purchased from
the first time, of putting to the test that which he them a favourable peace, on condition only of a